Cited by 146Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumMental Health Treatment and Access

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Predictors and Correlates of High Levels of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms Among Children at Age 10

Leech, Sharon L, Larkby, Cynthia A, Day, Richard, Day, Nancy L·2006·Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

DOI 10.1097/01.chi.0000184930.18552.4d

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Abstract

Objective To identify factors that predict or are correlated with symptoms of depression and anxiety in 10-year-olds.Method Women and their offspring were followed from the fourth prenatal month through 10 years. There were 636 mother-child pairs at 10 years, a follow-up rate of 83% of the birth cohort. Cognitive, psychological, sociodemographic, and environmental factors were measured at each phase. High depression and anxiety were defined as having a number of symptoms >1 SD above the mean for each measure. These measures were combined to represent high depression and/or anxiety (D/A) at 10 years of age.Results Predictors from the prenatal period of D/A at 10 years were more maternal depression symptoms, African American race, less social support, greater household density, and prenatal marijuana exposure. From 18 months through 6 years, lower child IQ, child injuries at age 3, and attention problems predicted symptoms of D/A at age 10. Across all study phases, lower child IQ, household density during pregnancy, attention problems, early childhood injuries, and prenatal marijuana exposure predicted D/A. Maternal psychological and sociodemographic factors were not significant in the final model.Conclusions Factors from gestation and early childhood predict high symptom levels of depression and anxiety at age 10. When gestational exposure, early environmental factors, and child characteristics were considered, maternal depression and socioeconomic status were not significantly associated with early onset D/A. Marijuana exposure during gestation marginally predicted depression/anxiety at age 10.

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Authors: Leech, S. L., Larkby, C. A., Day, R., & Day, N. L.
Affiliations: University of Pittsburgh (US)
Corresponding author: Day, Nancy L
ORCID: Day, Richard
Venue: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2006-02
Volume: 45
Issue: 2
Pages: 223-230
ISSN: 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/01.chi.0000184930.18552.4d
OpenAlex: W1972770398
Cited by: 144
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 12.55
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01da003209-04)
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA06666, R01AA006666)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA03209, R01DA003874, DA 03874)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: childhood depression, childhood anxiety, prenatal cannabis exposure, maternal depression, child IQ, attention deficits, household density, social support, African American children, socioeconomic status, birth cohort
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Ethanol, Anxiety Disorders, Cannabis, Child, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Mothers, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Risk Factors, United States, Logistic Models, Age of Onset

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Predictors and Correlates of High Levels of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms Among Children at Age 10

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