Cluster B and C personality traits, symptom correlates, and treatment utilization in postacute schizophrenia
Abstract
Unusually high levels of Cluster B and C personality traits have been observed in schizophrenia. While these have been linked to poorer function, less clear is the association of these personality traits with symptoms and service utilization. To examine this issue, 46 participants with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were administered the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, Third Edition, and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, and an inventory was taken of medical and psychiatric service utilization. Two sets of multiple regression analyses using Cluster B and C traits to predict treatment utilization and symptoms revealed that emotional discomfort symptoms were significantly related to level of borderline traits. Higher levels of positive symptoms were linked with more avoidant traits and fewer dependent traits. Higher levels of negative symptoms were linked with greater avoidant traits. Service utilization was predicted by borderline, antisocial, and avoidant traits. Implications for rehabilitation and treatment are discussed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Wickett et al. reported the presence of group B personality traits in 27 (59%) of 46 individuals enrolled in their studies.
“Wickett et al. (23) reported the presence of these traits in 27 (59%) of the 46 individuals enrolled in their studies [the presence of traits associated in this study was determined by the MCMI-III score (i.e., score between 75 and 84)].”
From Mobile intervention for individuals with psychosis, dual disorders, and their common comorbidities: A literature review (2019) · cites this paper as [23]
Cites
The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): rationale and standardisation
Kay, S. R., Opler, L. A., & Lindenmayer, J.-P. (1989) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/s0007125000291514 · Cited by 1,016 · see citing works
Treatment utilization by patients with personality disorders
Bender, D. S., Dolan, R. T., Skodol, A. E., Sanislow, C. A., Dyck, I. R., McGlashan, T. H., Shea, M. T., Zanarini, M. C., Oldham, J. M., & Gunderson, J. G. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.2.295 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
Interpersonal Diagnosis and Treatment of Personality Disorders
Benjamin, L. S. (1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 743 · see citing works
Past-Year Use of Outpatient Services for Psychiatric Problems in the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C., Zhao, S., Katz, S. J., Kouzis, A. C., Frank, R. G., Edlund, M. J., & Leaf, P. J. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.1.115 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Bell, M. D., Lysaker, P. H., Goulet, J. L., Milstein, R. M., & Lindenmayer, J. (1994) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(94)90075-2 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Use of Services by Persons With Mental and Addictive Disorders
Narrow, W. E. (1993) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820140017002 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale
Bell, M. D., Milstein, R. M., Goulet, J. L., Lysaker, P. H., & Cicchetti, D. V. (1992) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199211000-00007 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Insight and Interpersonal Function in Schizophrenia
Lysaker, P. H., Bell, M. D., BRYSON, G. J., & Kaplan, E. (1998) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199807000-00008 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Subjective quality of life in out‐patients with schizophrenia: clinical and utilization correlates
Dickerson, F., Ringel, N., & Parente, F. J. (1998) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb10053.x · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Stability of Personality Traits in Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder: A Pilot Project
Kentros, M. K., Smith, T. E., Hull, J. W., McKee, M., Terkelsen, K. G., & CAPALBO, C. (1997) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199709000-00003 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Coping Style in Schizophrenia: Associations With Neurocognitive Deficits and Personality
Lysaker, P. H., BRYSON, G. J., Marks, K. A., Greig, T. C., & Bell, M. D. (2004) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007056 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Personality Traits in Schizophrenia
Gurrera, R. J., Nestor, P. G., & O’Donnell, B. F. (2000) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200001000-00006 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Prevalence and Comorbidity of Personality Disorders
Widiger, T. A., & Rogers, J. H. (1989) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/0048-5713-19890301-07 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Diagnosing Personality Disorders in Recent-Onset Schizophrenia
Hogg, B., Jackson, H. J., Rudd, R. P., & EDWARDS, J. (1990) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199003000-00007 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: ASSOCIATIONS WITH SYMPTOMS AND COPING
Lysaker, P. H., Wilt, M. A., Plascak-Hallberg, C. D., Brenner, C. A., & Clements, C. A. (2003) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000050936.81128.5b · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Lysaker, P. H., Bell, M. D., Kaplan, E., Greig, T. C., & BRYSON, G. J. (1999) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.1999.11024850 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The “a-b-c's” of the cluster b's
Kraus, G. A., & Reynolds, D. J. (2001) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00052-5 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Premorbid personality disorders in schizophrenia
Solano, J. J. R., & de Chávez, M. G. (2000) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00203-0 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Personality Disorder and Psychiatric Illness in General Practice
Casey, P., & Tyrer, P. (1990) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.156.2.261 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Outpatient psychotherapy in the United States, II: Patterns of utilization
Olfson, M., & Pincus, H. A. (1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.9.1289 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Patterns of Service Use Among Persons With Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders
Carr, V. J., Johnston, P., Lewin, T. J., Rajkumar, S., Carter, G. L., & Issakidis, C. (2003) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.54.2.226 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Gillin, J. C., Lauriello, J., Kelsoe, J. R., Rapaport, M. H., Golshan, S., Kenny, W. M., & Sutton, L. D. (1995) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(95)02700-7 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Convergent Validity of the MCMI-II Personality Disorder Scales and the MMPI-2 Scales
Rossi, G. M. P., Brande, I. V. D., Tobac, A., Sloore, H., & Hauben, C. (2003) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.17.4.330.23970 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Personality Traits in Schizophrenia
Smith, T. E., Shea, M. T., Schooler, N. R., Levin, H., Deutsch, A., & Grabstein, E. (1995) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.1995.11024716 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Possible correlates of DSM‐III‐R personality disorders
Modestin, J., Oberson, B., & Erni, T. (1997) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1997.tb09943.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Donat, D. C., Geczy, B., Helmrich, J., & LeMay, M. (1992) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5801_4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Tyrer, P., Manley, C., Van Horn, E., Leddy, D., & Ukoumunne, O. C. (2000) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(00)00498-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Hulbert, C. A., Jackson, H. J., & McGorry, P. D. (1996) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(96)00035-9 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Rees, A., Hardy, G. E., & Barkham, M. (1997) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(97)00071-2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Borderline Personality Traits in Psychiatric Inpatients
Snyder, S., Pitts, W. M., & Pokorny, A. D. (1986) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1986.58.1.51 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lysaker, P. H., Wickett, A. M., Lancaster, R. S., Campbell, K., & Davis, L. W. (2004) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.68.2.164.35948 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Borderline and schizophrenic patients: A comparison using the MCMI-II
Nielsen, A. D., Hewitt, P. L., & Habke, A. M. (1997) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf02229023 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A scientific agenda for the concept of recovery as it applies to schizophrenia
Silverstein, S. M., & Bellack, A. S. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.03.004 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Newton‐Howes, G., Tyrer, P. J., Anagnostakis, K., Cooper, S., Bowden‐Jones, O., & Weaver, T. D. (2009) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0084-7 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Personality Traits Predict Treatment Outcome in Alcohol-Dependent Patients
Müller, S. E., Weijers, H., Böning, J., & Wiesbeck, G. A. (2008) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000147469 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
McMillan, K. A., Enns, M. W., Cox, B. J., & Sareen, J. (2009) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370905400709 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Comorbid personality traits in schizophrenia: Prevalence and clinical characteristics
Moore, E. A., Green, M. J., & Carr, V. J. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.11.012 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Pennou, A., Lecomte, T., Potvin, S., & Khazaal, Y. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00302 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“(23) reported the presence of these traits in 27 (59%) of the 46 individuals enrolled in their studies [the presence of traits associated in this study was determined by the MCMI-III score (i.”
BackgroundLim, M., Li, Z., Xie, H., Tan, B. L., & Lee, J. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2238-9 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Clinically significant personality traits in individuals at high risk of developing psychosis
Sevilla‐Llewellyn‐Jones, J., Camino, G., Russo, D. A., Painter, M., Montejo, A. L., Ochoa, S., Jones, P. B., & Pérez, J. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.01.027 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Soundararajan, S., Narayanan, G., Arpana Agrawal, A., & Murthy, P. (2017) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.4103/0253-7176.203127 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Temperament and executive dysfunctions in schizophrenia
Guillem, F., Pampoulova, T., Rinaldi, M. L., & Stip, É. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.06.002 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Spaulding, W. D., Montague, E., Avila, A., & Sullivan, M. E. (2016) · Evidence-based practices in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40537-7_1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Personality traits and psychotic symptoms in recent onset of psychosis patients
Sevilla‐Llewellyn‐Jones, J., Cano‐Domínguez, P., de‐Luis‐Matilla, A., Peñuelas‐Calvo, I., Espina‐Eizaguirre, A., Moreno‐Küstner, B., & Ochoa, S. (2017) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.01.006 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Thérien, P., Tranulis, C., Lecomte, T., & Berubé, F.-A. (2011) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2011.619013 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Fornells‐Ambrojo, M., Pocock, P., Mintah, R. S., Barker, C., Craig, T., & Lappin, J. (2015) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12286 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Treatment of Complex Dual Disorders: Clinicians’ and Service Users’ Perspectives
Phillip Therien Anais, S. (2014) · Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy · doi:10.4172/2155-6105.s10-006 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Portugal, E., Díaz‐Caneja, C. M., González-Molinier, M., de Castro, M. J., del Amo, V., Arango, C., & Cervilla, J. A. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.07.028 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sevilla‐Llewellyn‐Jones, J., Cano‐Domínguez, P., de‐Luis‐Matilla, A., Espina‐Eizaguirre, A., Moreno‐Küstner, B., & Ochoa, S. (2017) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12515 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Pelizza, L., Leuci, E., Quattrone, E., Azzali, S., Paulillo, G., Pupo, S., Pellegrini, P., Gammino, L., Biancalani, A., & Menchetti, M. (2024) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-024-01772-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nishimura, K., Hida, S., Okada, K., Yoshida, O., & Nishimuara, K. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Personality traits in recent-onset-of-psychosis patients compared to a control sample by gender
Sevilla‐Llewellyn‐Jones, J., Cano‐Domínguez, P., de‐Luis‐Matilla, A., Espina‐Eizaguirre, A., Moreno‐Küstner, B., & Ochoa, S. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.042 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chalut, A., Potvin, S., Iozzino, L., Binette, M.-A., Fiset-Renaud, H., Chabake, S. A., & Lecomte, T. (2025) · Schizophrenia Research Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2025.100403 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Jourdan, J., Estric, C., O'Donoghue, B. N., Chanen, A. M., & Schandrin, A. (2026) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291726103432 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Şizofreniye Eşlik Eden Kişilik Bozuklukları: 75 Hastadan Oluşan Bir Örneklemin Analizi
Karslıoğlu, E. H., Kaymak, S. U., Soygür, H., Erkek, B. M., Koçbıyık, S., Acikel, C. H., Özalp, E., & Cankurtaran, E. Ş. (2012) · Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.5455/bcp.20111219110230 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wickett, A., Essman, W., Beck-Jennings, J., Davis, L., McIlvried, J., & Lysaker, P. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Indianapolis (US)
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wickett, Amanda
- Venue
- Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 194
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 650-653
- ISSN
- 0022-3018 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1994812357
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, borderline personality traits, antisocial personality traits, avoidant personality traits, positive symptoms, negative symptoms, emotional discomfort, treatment utilization, psychiatric service utilization, health care utilization
- MeSH terms
- Ambulatory Care, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, Female, Health Services, Hospitalization, Hospitals, Veterans, Humans, Male, Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Personality Disorders, Personality Inventory, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Regression Analysis, Schizophrenia, Comorbidity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
