The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): rationale and standardisation

Kay, Stanley R.; Opler, Lewis A.; Lindenmayer, Jean-Pierre

doi:10.1192/s0007125000291514

Cited by 1,016Schizophrenia research and treatmentMental Health and PsychiatryPsychological Testing and Assessment

The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): rationale and standardisation

Kay, Stanley R., Opler, Lewis A., Lindenmayer, Jean-Pierre·1989·British Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1192/s0007125000291514

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Abstract

Over 75 years ago, Bleuler (1911) confronted psychiatry with the question of ‘schizophrenia’ or ‘schizophrenias'. Today we recognise the heterogeneity of the condition, but we are still groping at efforts to clarify the different subtypes or subprocesses. Over the decades there have been various attempts to subclassify schizophrenia and tease apart the syndromes, none of which has been entirely successful. More recently, as a result of the work by Crow (1980) in England and Strauss et al (1974) in the USA, it has been proposed that two distinct syndromes can be discerned from the phenomenological profiles. The positive syndrome consists of productive features superadded to the mental status, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganised thinking. The negative syndrome represents absence of normal functions, such as deficits in the cognitive, affective, and social realms.

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Participants' mental health status was measured using the Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS).
“Participants’ mental health status was measured using the Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al. 1989), the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF; American Psychiatric Association, 2002) and the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; Montgomery & Åsberg, 1979).”
From Cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in people with established psychotic illnesses: baseline data from the IMPaCT randomized controlled trial (2015) · cites this paper as Kay et al. 1989

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Authors: Kay, S. R., Opler, L. A., & Lindenmayer, J.-P.
Affiliations: Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: Kay, Stanley R.
ORCID: Opler, Lewis A.
Lindenmayer, Jean-Pierre
Venue: British Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: Royal College of Psychiatrists
Published: 1989-11
Volume: 155
Issue: S7
Pages: 59-65
ISSN: 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
1472-1465
DOI: 10.1192/s0007125000291514
OpenAlex: W1688754235
Cited by: 1,016
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 48
FWCI: 6.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 10505 d)
Locations: The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: PANSS, schizophrenia, positive symptoms, negative symptoms, symptom classification, psychometric properties, delusions, hallucinations
MeSH terms: Chronic Disease, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Pimozide, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology

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The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): rationale and standardisation

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