Effects of Perceived Racism and Anger Inhibition on Ambulatory Blood Pressure in African Americans
Abstract
Objective Hypertension is more prevalent in African Americans compared with Americans of European descent. Preliminary evidence indicates that perceived racism may play a role in elevated blood pressure in African Americans. The present study examined whether perceived racism was associated with higher ambulatory blood pressure measured during daily life. A potential contributing role for anger inhibition was also evaluated. Methods Twenty-four-hour ABP was obtained from 69 African American men and women with normal or mildly elevated blood pressure. ABP was averaged over waking and sleep periods, and clinic BP was also assessed. Perceived racism and anger expression were measured using self-report questionnaires. Results Greater perceived racism was related to higher ABP during waking hours for SBP (p Conclusions Perceived racism and anger inhibition are independently related to higher ABP. Both may contribute to the incidence of hypertension and hypertensive-related diseases observed in African Americans.
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Emotional inhibition in African American women has been linked to higher sleep diastolic blood pressure and smaller day-to-night drops in DBP.
“Emotional inhibition in African American women has been associated with higher sleep diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and smaller drops in DBP from day to night (Steffen, McNeilly, Anderson, & Sherwood, 2003).”
From Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health (2010) · cites this paper as Steffen, McNeilly, Anderson, & Sherwood, 2003
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“This result is of particular importance because hostility has been found to be significantly related to cardiovascular disease in longitudinal studies (25, 26).”
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“Steffen et al. (2003) reported that trait anger suppression was independently associated with ambulatory DBP in a convenience sample of African Americans.”
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- Authors
- Steffen, P. R., McNeilly, M., Anderson, N., & Sherwood, A.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2003-09
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 746-750
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1976784692
- Cited by
- 203
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 37.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL49427, R01HL049427)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- perceived racism, ambulatory blood pressure, African Americans, hypertension, racial discrimination, anger expression, sleep blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, racial disparities in health
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anger, Black or African American, Blood Pressure, Circadian Rhythm, Culture, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Male, North Carolina, Prejudice, Surveys and Questionnaires, Body Mass Index, Incidence, Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory, Expressed Emotion, White People
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