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Socioeconomic Status Is Associated With Stress Hormones
Open accessAbstract
Objective: We assess whether socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with basal levels of cortisol and catecholamines and determine if any association between SES and these hormones can be explained (is mediated) by behavioral, social, and emotional differences across the SES gradient. Methods: One hundred ninety-three adult subjects, including men and women and whites and African-Americans, provided 24-hour urine catecholamine samples on each of 2 days and seven saliva cortisol samples on each of 3 days beginning 1 hour after wakeup and ending 14 to 16 hours later. Values for both hormones were averaged across days to obtain basal levels. Results: Lower SES (income and education) was associated with higher levels of cortisol and epinephrine and marginally higher levels of norepinephrine. These associations were independent of race, age, gender, and body mass. Low SES was also associated with a greater likelihood of smoking, of not eating breakfast, and with less diverse social networks. Further analyses provided evidence consistent with the hypothesis that these behavioral and social variables mediate the link between SES and the three stress hormones. Conclusions: Lower SES was associated in a graded fashion with higher basal levels of cortisol and catecholamines. These associations occurred independent of race, and the data were consistent with mediation by health practices and social factors. AUC = area under the curve; BMI = body mass index; CARDIA = Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study; ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HPA = hypothalamic-pituitary adrenocortical axis; ISEL = Interpersonal Support Evaluation List; LET = Life Engagement Test; SES = socioeconomic status; SNS = sympathetic nervous system.
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“At birth, the placenta and cord blood from babies born to mothers of lower socioeconomic status, which has been associated with psychological stress, cortisol dysregulation, and poor environmental conditions, exhibit a transcriptional profile of higher immune activation and delayed maturation, illustrating that the in utero response to stress results in molecular signaling changes [114,115,116].”
From Stress and the HPA Axis: Balancing Homeostasis and Fertility. (2017) · cites this paper as [114]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., & Baum, A.
- Affiliations
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cohen, Sheldon
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2006-05
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 414-420
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2046597351
- Cited by
- 639
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 8.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KiltHub Repository (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- KiltHub Repository
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL65111, HL65112, P50HL065112, P50HL065111)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- socioeconomic status, cortisol, catecholamines, epinephrine, norepinephrine, stress hormones, mediation, smoking, breakfast skipping, social networks, health behavior, African Americans, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, sympathetic nervous system
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Catecholamines, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Social Class, Social Support, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Health Behavior
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