Social Ties and Susceptibility to the Common Cold
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Objective. —To examine the hypothesis that diverse ties to friends, family, work, and community are associated with increased host resistance to infection. Design. —After reporting the extent of participation in 12 types of social ties (eg, spouse, parent, friend, workmate, member of social group), subjects were given nasal drops containing 1 of 2 rhinoviruses and monitored for the development of a common cold. Setting. —Quarantine. Participants. —A total of 276 healthy volunteers, aged 18 to 55 years, neither seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus nor pregnant. Outcome Measures. —Colds (illness in the presence of a verified infection), mucus production, mucociliary clearance function, and amount of viral replication. Results. —In response to both viruses, those with more types of social ties were less susceptible to common colds, produced less mucus, were more effective in ciliary clearance of their nasal passages, and shed less virus. These relationships were unaltered by statistical controls for prechallenge virus-specific antibody, virus type, age, sex, season, body mass index, education, and race. Susceptibility to colds decreased in a dose-response manner with increased diversity of the social network. There was an adjusted relative risk of 4.2 comparing persons with fewest (1 to 3) to those with most (6 or more) types of social ties. Although smoking, poor sleep quality, alcohol abstinence, low dietary intake of vitamin C, elevated catecholamine levels, and being introverted were all associated with greater susceptibility to colds, they could only partially account for the relation between social network diversity and incidence of colds. Conclusions. —More diverse social networks were associated with greater resistance to upper respiratory illness.
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Traditional measures of social integration and interaction have salubrious health effects.
“especially given the salubrious health effects typically seen with traditional measures of social integration and interaction (e.g., Social Network Index).53”
From Social Media Use and Its Link to Physical Health Indicators (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
People use social media platforms to have intimate conversations and exchange social support, to participate in groups and organizations, and to cultivate diverse types of relationships.
“people use social media platforms to have intimate conversations and exchange social support,54 to participate in groups and organizations (e.g., Facebook groups), and to cultivate diverse types of relationships.”
From Social Media Use and Its Link to Physical Health Indicators (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
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Gomaa, N., Glogauer, M., Nicolau, B., Tenenbaum, H., Siddiqi, A., Fine, N., & Quiñonez, C. (2020) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000774 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
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Bertozzi, B., Tosti, V., & Fontana, L. (2017) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000446346 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Prather, A. A. (2019) · Sleep and Health · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815373-4.00024-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Stewart, R. A., Patel, T. A., McDermott, K. A., & Cougle, J. R. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.026 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
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Ford, A., Douglas, J. M., & O’Halloran, R. (2024) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2023.2185480 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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Olson, E. A., Pizzagalli, D. A., & Rosso, I. M. (2021) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22577 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Gouin, J.-P., Pournajafi-Nazarloo, H., & Carter, C. S. (2015) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.021 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cohen, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cohen, Sheldon
- ORCID
- Cohen, Sheldon
- Venue
- JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1997-06-25
- Volume
- 277
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 1940
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W4229663249
- Cited by
- 1,238
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 11.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- KiltHub Repository (submittedVersion)
- KiltHub Repository
- Funders
- University of Pittsburgh
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum
- Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-50429, MH00721)
- National Center for Research Resources (NCRR/GCRC 5M01RR00056)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Respiratory viral infections research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Emergency Medical Services › Pediatric health and respiratory diseases
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- common cold, social ties, social network diversity, infection susceptibility, host resistance to infection, mucus production, mucociliary clearance, viral shedding, upper respiratory tract infection, smoking, sleep quality, vitamin C intake, catecholamines, introversion
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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