Sexual Risk Reduction Interventions Do Not Inadvertently Increase the Overall Frequency of Sexual Behavior: A Meta-analysis of 174 Studies With 116,735 Participants
Open accessAbstract
A meta-analytic review of the influence of HIV risk reduction interventions on sexual occasions, number of partners, and abstinence was conducted to assess whether condom-related interventions inadvertently undermine sexual risk reduction efforts by increasing the frequency of sexual behavior. Included studies examined sexual risk reduction strategies and used a controlled design. Data from 174 studies (206 interventions, N = 116,735 participants) were included. In general, HIV risk reduction interventions neither increased nor decreased sexual occasions or number of partners reported. Participants in intervention conditions were less likely to be sexually active than those in control conditions. When samples included more black participants, interventions reduced the number of sexual occasions; interventions were more successful at reducing the number of partners in samples that included more men who have sex with men (MSM) or individuals engaged in sex trading. Samples that included more MSM were more likely to adopt abstinence as a risk reduction strategy. Interventions that included more information, motivational enhancement, and skills training also led to greater risk reduction. HIV risk reduction interventions do not increase the overall frequency of sexual activity. To the contrary, for some subgroups, interventions that include components recommended by behavioral science theory reduce the frequency of sexual events and partners.
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There are several examples of meta-analyses that have investigated both individual BCTs and combinations of BCTs that theory predicts would work synergistically together.
“There are several examples of meta-analyses which have investigated both individual BCTs and combinations of BCTs that theory predicts would work synergistically together.21,24,49,168,169”
The theoretically based combination of BCTs associated with provision of information, increasing motivation and enhancing behavioural skills has been found to reduce the frequency of sexual interactions that increase health risk.
“The theoretically based combination of BCTs associated with provision of information, increasing motivation and enhancing behavioural skills 171 has been found to reduce the frequency of sexual interactions that increase health risk.169”
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Michie, S., Wood, C. E., Johnston, M., Abraham, C., Francis, J. J., & Hardeman, W. (2015) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta19990 · Cited by 680 · see citing works
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Condoms and sexually-transmitted infections
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- Authors
- Smoak, N. D., Scott-Sheldon, L. A. J., Johnson, B. T., & Carey, M. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Syracuse University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Smoak, Natalie D.
- Johnson, Blair T.
- ORCID
- Johnson, Blair T.
- Venue
- JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
- Published
- 2006-03
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 374-384
- ISSN
- 1525-4135 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2474799
- OpenAlex
- W2069270284
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 144
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K02 MH01582, R01MH058563, R01-MH58563, K02MH001582)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
- Keywords
- HIV risk reduction interventions, sexual risk behavior, sexual frequency, number of sexual partners, abstinence, condom use, men who have sex with men, sex work, motivation enhancement, skills training, behavioral interventions, HIV prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Communicable Disease Control, Female, Humans, Male, Sexual Behavior, Sexual Abstinence, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, HIV Infections, Condoms, Safe Sex, Risk Reduction Behavior
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