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Asthma, allergy and the Olympics: a 12-year survey in elite athletes
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OBJECTIVE: There are no comprehensive surveys relating the reported high prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases in athletes to comorbidities and immune changes associated with intense chronic exercise. This 12-year survey aims to evaluate several clinical, functional and immunological parameters in order to assess features, trend and burden of asthma, allergy, infections and autoimmune diseases, in a large homogeneous population of Olympic athletes. METHODS: Six hundred and fifty-nine Italian Olympic athletes were studied through four cross-sectional surveys performed between 2000 and 2012 before the Summer and Winter Olympics. Clinical diagnosis of allergic, autoimmune and infectious diseases was complemented by: skin-prick tests (n = 569); pulmonary function tests (n = 415); total (n = 158) and specific (n = 72) serum IgE; serum autoantibodies (n = 30), cytokines and growth factors (n = 92); flow cytometry (n = 135). RESULTS: The prevalence of asthma and/or exercise-induced bronchoconstriction was 14.7%, with a significant increase (P = 0.04) from 2000 (11.3%) to 2008 (17.2%). The prevalence of rhinitis, conjunctivitis, skin allergic diseases and anaphylaxis was 26.2%, 20.0%, 14.8% and 1.1%, respectively. Sensitization to inhalant allergens was documented in 49.0% of athletes, being 32.7% in 2000 and 56.5% in 2008 (P < 0.0001). Food, drug and venom allergy was present in 7.1%, 5.0% and 2.1% of athletes, respectively. The high prevalence of asthma and allergy was associated with recurrent upper respiratory tract (10.3%) and herpes (18.2%) infections, an abnormal T cell subset profile and a general down-regulation of serum cytokines with a significantly lower IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio. CONCLUSION: A chronic and intense physical exercise may cause a transient immunodepression with a preferential shift to a Th2 response, associated with abnormalities of the respiratory tract.
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“Conversely, some evidence shows that long-duration one-off bouts of exercise (e.g., marathon running, especially if this is unaccustomed) and weeks or months of very high-intensity long-duration athletic training, sometimes referred to as “overreaching” or “over-training”, are associated with an increased risk of certain infections, suggesting compromised immunity (Bonini et al. 2015; Derman et al”
From Is immunosenescence influenced by our lifetime “dose” of exercise? (2016) · cites this paper as Bonini et al. 2015
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Is immunosenescence influenced by our lifetime “dose” of exercise?
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bonini, M., Gramiccioni, C., Fioretti, D., Ruckert, B., Rinaldi, M., Akdis, C., Todaro, A., Palange, P., Carlsen, K.-H., Pelliccia, A., Rasi, G., & Bonini, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Bonini, Matteo
- Bonini, Sergio
- ORCID
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Allergy & Clinical Immunology
- Published
- 2015-04
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 184-192
- ISSN
- 1473-6322 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-4050
- OpenAlex
- W2321542042
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8
- FWCI
- 6.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.zora.uzh.ch
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion)
- UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari) (submittedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Allergic Rhinitis and Sensitization
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational exposure and asthma
- Keywords
- asthma, allergy, Olympic athletes, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, anaphylaxis, inhalant allergen sensitization, food allergy, drug hypersensitivity, venom allergy, upper respiratory tract infection, herpesvirus infection, T cell subsets, Th2 immune response, IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio, serum cytokines, serum IgE, autoantibodies, immunodepression, exercise training
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Asthma, Autoimmune Diseases, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Herpes Simplex, Humans, Interferon-gamma, Male, Sports, Interleukin-4, Prevalence, Th2 Cells, Athletes
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