Scientific writing of novice researchers: What difficulties and encouragements do they encounter?
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: Writing scientific articles is a daunting task for novice researchers. In this qualitative study carried out in 2007, the authors evaluated the experiences of a group of novice researchers engaged in the writing process, to elucidate the main difficulties and sources of encouragement they encountered. METHOD: Sixteen novice researchers were interviewed. Most were women (10), and most were enrolled in programs of medicine (9), followed by nursing (4) and physical therapy (3). These were drawn via convenience sampling from a randomized control trial in which 48 of them were equally assigned to either an online or a face-to-face course of instruction. On completion, interviews were conducted in focus groups of four students each. The interviews were transcribed and read independently by two of the authors, who then encoded the material based on the principles of grounded theory. Initial categories were converted to major emerging themes, which were validated when participants were asked to review the findings. Triangulation of results was carried out by discussing the emerging themes in an online forum with five specialists in college writing education. RESULTS: Classifying the diverse responses of participants led to the emergence of four major themes: cognitive burden, group support and mentoring, difficulty in distinguishing between content and structure, and backward design of manuscripts. CONCLUSIONS: The themes produced by this study provide some insight into the challenges faced by novice researchers in their early attempts at scientific writing. Remedies that address these challenges are needed to substantially improve scientific writing instruction.
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Gao, X., Shen, H., & Duan, J. H. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Computing and Complex Data (ICCD) · doi:10.1109/iccd59681.2023.10420820 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Baltazar, C. S., Wheatley, C., & Nsubuga, P. (2019) · Pan African Medical Journal · doi:10.11604/pamj.2019.33.208.18766 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zammar, G. R., Shah, J. Y., Ferreira, A. P. B., Cofiel, L., Lyles, K. W., & Pietrobon, R. S. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009400 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Abusaada, H., & Elshater, A. M. (2024) · Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Urban Design and Planning · doi:10.1680/jurdp.2024.177.3.91 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kumar, J., Prakash, V., Hariohm, K., & Kumar, I. N. (2023) · Physiotherapy Practice and Research · doi:10.3233/ppr-230747 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Santhosh, V. N., Vas, R., Shreya, S., Kumar, V., Ragu, K., Venkatesh, U., & Bannur, S. (2025) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2025.106190 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Reaching Expectations - The Need of the Hour
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- Authors
- Shah, J., Shah, A., & Pietrobon, R.
- Affiliations
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pietrobon, Ricardo
- Venue
- Academic Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-04
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 511-516
- ISSN
- 1040-2446 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6035752
- OpenAlex
- W2073165210
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 81.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Academic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024128)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Academic Writing and Publishing
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Doctoral Education Challenges and Solutions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mentoring and Academic Development
- Keywords
- scientific writing, novice researchers, writing difficulties, writing instruction, cognitive burden, peer support, mentoring, manuscript structure, backward design, medical students, nursing students, physiotherapy students, women scientists
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Male, Mentors, North Carolina, Professional Competence, Research, Sampling Studies, Students, Health Occupations, Writing, Focus Groups
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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