The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
“There’s a Pain App for That”: Review of Patient-targeted Smartphone Applications for Pain Management
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: There are a growing number of pain self-management applications (apps) available for users to download on personal smartphones. The purpose of this study was to critically appraise the content and self-management functionality of currently available pain apps. METHODS: An electronic search was conducted between May and June 2014 of the official stores for the 4 major operating systems. Two authors independently identified patient-focused apps with a stated goal of pain management. Discrepancies regarding selection were resolved through discussion with a third party. Metadata from all included apps were abstracted into a standard form. The content and functionality of each app as it pertained to pain self-management was rated. RESULTS: A total of 279 apps met the inclusion criteria. Pain self-care skill support was the most common self-management function (77.4%). Apps also purported providing patients with the ability to engage in pain education (45.9%), self-monitoring (19%), social support (3.6%), and goal-setting (0.72%). No apps were comprehensive in terms of pain self-management, with the majority of apps including only a single self-management function (58.5%). In addition, only 8.2% of apps included a health care professional in their development, not a single app provided a theoretical rationale, and only 1 app underwent scientific evaluation. DISCUSSION: Currently available pain self-management apps for patients are simplistic, lack the involvement of health care professionals in their development, and have not been rigorously tested for effectiveness on pain-related health outcomes. There is a need to develop and test theoretically and evidence-based apps to better support patients with accessible pain care self-management.
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“Overall, the findings show that the majority of available applications do not follow evidence-based guidelines, do not involve health care providers or experts in the development process, and have not undergone any scientific studies of effect and/or validity.”
From ACTsmart: Guided Smartphone-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain—A Pilot Trial. (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“One significant challenge is the lack of guidance and involvement of health care providers and intended users in the development process [21,27,32-37].”
From A User-Centered Approach to an Evidence-Based Electronic Health Pain Management Intervention for People With Chronic Pain: Design and Development of EPIO (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“The process combining evidence-based and user-centered approaches is a previously recommended but underutilized approach to eHealth intervention development [27,33,34].”
From A User-Centered Approach to an Evidence-Based Electronic Health Pain Management Intervention for People With Chronic Pain: Design and Development of EPIO (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“The lack of user involvement (ie, patients and health care providers) and human centeredness in development of eHealth interventions have been criticized repeatedly [5,21,27,32,34,36,39], and this lack of user involvement in the development process can potentially also explain the high attrition rates and low adherence associated with such interventions [32,40-42].”
From A User-Centered Approach to an Evidence-Based Electronic Health Pain Management Intervention for People With Chronic Pain: Design and Development of EPIO (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“Despite these facts, the development of evidence-based eHealth pain management interventions has been limited [33-35], as has the incorporation of user involvement in these processes.”
From A User-Centered Approach to an Evidence-Based Electronic Health Pain Management Intervention for People With Chronic Pain: Design and Development of EPIO (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
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Ranney, M. L., Duarte, C., Baird, J. B., Patry, E. J., & Green, T. C. (2016) · mHealth · doi:10.21037/mhealth.2016.08.05 · Cited by 18
“Existing chronic pain-focused mobile applications are overly simplistic, rarely based in theory, and rarely supported by evidence (15).”
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“Nowadays, an increasing number of apps are available for tracking, assessing, and managing pain [7,8], offering a wide range of features.”
BackgroundHow Older Adults with Chronic Pain Manage Social Support Interactions with Mobile Media
Chang, P. F., Bazarova, N. N., & Wethington, E. (2020) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2020.1846272 · Cited by 15
“…to using mHealth applications to assist in chronic pain management (Parker et al., 2013). mHealth behavioral intervention applications often include social support and communication tools, given its importance in improving health outcomes (Chib & Lin, 2018; Lalloo et al., 2015; Moman et al., 2019).”
BackgroundLopes, F., Rodrigues, M. J. F., & Silva, A. G. (2021) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/25316 · Cited by 14
Ma, K. P. K., Stephens, K. A., Geyer, R. E., Prado, M. G., Mollis, B. L., Zbikowski, S. M., Waters, D., Masterson, J., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/41788 · Cited by 14
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BackgroundWathne, H. B., Morken, I. M., Storm, M., & Husebø, A. M. L. (2022) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/39391 · Cited by 13
Zhou, T., Salman, D., & McGregor, A. H. (2024) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/53262 · Cited by 14
“The involvement of health care professionals in their development and content has been lacking [14].”
Self‐administered biofeedback treatment app for pediatric migraine: A randomized pilot study
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BackgroundAdolescents’ and young adults’ experiences of a prototype cancer smartphone app
Hanghøj, S., Boisen, K. A., Hjerming, M., & Pappot, H. (2021) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/2055207621997258 · Cited by 12
“There has also been a lack of evidence-based knowledge accessible in the apps, as experts in the cancer field are often not validating the content.(32,35) The aim of the study was to investigate how AYAs with cancer assessed a prototype of an app called Kræftværket after 6 weeks’ use.”
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“, 2018), nurses should empower pediatric patients and their families in performing pain assessment by using technology combined with education (Bettle et al., 2018; Kusi Amponsah et al., 2019; Lalloo et al., 2015).”
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“These included findings that iterative feedback cycles between users (clients), health professionals, and researchers (as inventors) are necessary to successfully address real-world needs [22,23]; that privacy and users’ attitudes are challenges that need to be considered early in the development of the technology [24…”
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Lalloo, C., Phạm, Q., Cafazzo, J. A., Stephenson, E. A., & Stinson, J. (2020) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100525 · Cited by 9
“While considerable progress is being made to improve access to chronic disease self-management by leveraging mHealth, there is currently no comprehensive or evidence-based mHealth app to support adolescents with JIA [19,20].”
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Tiozzo, E., Biagioli, V., Brancaccio, M., Ricci, R., Marchetti, A., Dall’Oglio, I., Gawronski, O., Bonanni, F., Piga, S., Celesti, L., et al. (2021) · Journal of Child Health Care · doi:10.1177/1367493520919313 · Cited by 12
“Overall, our findings support the scientific value of the App for pain assessment (Lalloo et al., 2015) and are in line with authors who underline how health Apps are widely appreciated by patients and parents (Barr et al., 2015; Jibb et al., 2017).”
ResultRosser, B. A., Fisher, E., Eccleston, C., Duggan, G. B., & Keogh, E. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013863 · Cited by 10
Effect of a Mobile Health App on Adherence to Physical Health Treatment: Retrospective Analysis
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“In a review of 279 commercially available mobile phone apps to manage pain that included education, self-monitoring, social support, and goal setting, the authors concluded that the efficacy of most apps was not supported by empirical research [23].”
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Meawad, F. E., Yang, S.-Y., & Loy, F. L. (2017) · INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION · doi:10.1145/3136755.3136794 · Cited by 8
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Price, L., Rauf, I., Gooch, D., Katz, D., Pearce, O., & Price, B. A. (2024) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3643834.3661597 · Cited by 6
“While the significance of electronic pain diaries is demonstrated, literature on the design of pain-logging tools is limited; commercial pain management apps lack theoretical foundations and have limited input from healthcare professionals [34].”
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Weng, L., Lin, W., Lin, X., Liu, M., & Yang, J. (2024) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-024-08442-1 · Cited by 7
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“Similar to other studies in pain [37] and sickle cell disease [24] that utilized a similar approach, our study also showed that patients found the smartphone application to Table 3 Satisfaction measures comparing IVR and StudyBuddy”
Grasaas, E., Helseth, S., Fegran, L., Stinson, J., Småstuen, M. C., Lalloo, C., & Haraldstad, K. (2022) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-022-01113-0 · Cited by 8
“However, most pain apps available for the public have not been evaluated scientifically [21].”
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Suso-Ribera, C., Castilla, D., Martínez-Borba, V., Jaén, I., Botella, C., Baños, R. M., & García-Palacios, A. (2022) · Comprehensive Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00009-1 · Cited by 6
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“12 The present platform could be used in various fields such as Social Support Community Engagement, Symptom Management, Goal Setting and Progress, Education and Resources, and Tracking or Reminders.”
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“A 2015 study identified nearly 300 pain self-management apps, but found they were overly simplistic, lacked involvement of health professionals or theoretical basis, and had not been rigorously tested for effectiveness [31].”
BackgroundShade, M. Y., Soumana, R., Eisenhauer, C. M., Khazanchi, D., & Pozehl, B. (2023) · Journal of Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/00989134-20221205-04 · Cited by 6
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“Nonetheless, rheumatologists and researchers in RMDs have emphasized the need for more carefully calibrated apps that translate data into quantitative clinical outcome values [14, 15].”
BackgroundKhalili‐Mahani, N., Woods, S., Holowka, E. M., Pahayahay, A., & Roy, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences · doi:10.3389/fresc.2022.942822 · Cited by 5
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“[18] to critically review the content and functionality of the pain management apps found on the smartphone applications’ platforms.”
BackgroundSimmich, J., Ross, M. H., Andrews, N. E., Vaezipour, A., & Russell, T. G. (2023) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/46881 · Cited by 6
“In accordance with existing literature on general pain monitoring apps [45] and pain management apps [53], only 31% (15/49) of the included apps allowed users to rate or describe other dimensions of their pain, such as its quality.”
Designing voice interfaces to support mindfulness-based pain management
Mendu, S., Fosco, S. L. D., Lanza, S. T., & Abdullah, S. (2023) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076231204418 · Cited by 5
“29 Prior work has leveraged a diverse range of technological systems, including smartphone apps, 30 web interfaces, 31,9 and other technology-based systems (e.g. 34 While these systems have been relatively successful in supporting mindfulness outcomes, the visual and tactile interactions may…”
BackgroundAbahussin, A. A., West, R. M., Wong, D., Ziegler, L. E., & Allsop, M. J. (2023) · JMIR Cancer · doi:10.2196/49471 · Cited by 5
“Much of the recent literature on evaluating pain apps has revealed the absence of any theoretical foundation and evidence-based features [16-18].”
Kondylakis, H., Hors-Fraile, S., Koumakis, L., Kouroubali, A., Notas, G., Rivero-Rodriguez, A., Sidiropoulos, P. I., Simos, P. G., & Katehakis, D. G. (2019) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-1680-5.ch006 · Cited by 4
Cell Phone Application to Monitor Pain and Quality of Life in Neurogenic Pain Patients
Sood, R., Stoehr, J. R., Janes, L. E., Ko, J. H., Dumanian, G. A., & Jordan, S. W. (2020) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Global Open · doi:10.1097/gox.0000000000002732 · Cited by 5
Lim, A., Merner, B., Iyer, S. N., & McCullough, M. J. (2025) · International Journal for Quality in Health Care · doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzaf024 · Cited by 4
“Previous studies of pain apps have found a lack of input from PWLE [27–29].”
Benavent, D., Iniesta-Chamorro, J. M., Novella-Navarro, M., Pérez-Martínez, M., Martínez-Sánchez, N., Kaffati, M., Juárez-García, M., Molinari-Pérez, M., González‐Torbay, A., Gutiérrez, M., et al. (2025) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/58095 · Cited by 4
“Over the years, the rheumatology community has voiced the demand for refined apps and tools to yield meaningful clinical outcomes [20,22].”
Technology to Assess and Treat Pain in Pediatric Rheumatology
Connelly, M. A., & Lee, R. R. (2021) · Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2021.09.004 · Cited by 4
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“The mobile app integrates principles of CBT to facilitate empowerment and build independence in pain management through improved knowledge, self-efficacy, and coping skills [48,49], and has demonstrated effectiveness in multiple populations [47,50,51].”
BackgroundInfluentialOulton, K., Oldrieve, N., Bayliss, J., Jones, V., Manning, I., Shipway, L., & Gibson, F. (2017) · Arts & Health · doi:10.1080/17533015.2017.1392329 · Cited by 4
Sinisterra, M., Kelly, K. P., Shneider, C. E., El-Zein, A., Swartwout, E., Deyo, P., & Streisand, R. M. (2020) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/0145721720943123 · Cited by 4
“However, current mHealth platforms for chronic illness management lack key components to assist in self-management, like involving health care providers in their development.(22)”
BackgroundPain neuroscience education on YouTube: a systematic reviewPreprint
Heathcote, L. C., Pate, J. W., Park, A. L., Leake, H. B., Moseley, G. L., Kronman, C. A., Fischer, M. D., Timmers, I., & Simons, L. E. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/492967 · Cited by 4
Pain self‐management: theory and process for clinicians
McGillion, M. H., LeFort, S. M., Webber, K., Stinson, J., & Lalloo, C. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119701170.ch25 · Cited by 4
Design and implementation of mHealth applications for older people with cancer: A scoping review
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Telemedizin: Chancen in der Schmerztherapie
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“From this perspective, many applications are proposed on the market, but recent evaluations have revealed that the vast majority of them are not based on a scientific framework [2].”
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Clinical Presentation of Tinnitus and a Review of, and Evidence Base for, Tinnitus Applications
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lalloo, C., Jibb, L. A., Rivera, J., Agarwal, A., & Stinson, J. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Great Ormond Street Hospital (GB)
- McMaster University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Lalloo, Chitra
- Jibb, Lindsay A.
- Rivera, Jordan
- Stinson, Jennifer N.
- Venue
- The Clinical Journal of Pain
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 557-563
- ISSN
- 0749-8047 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1985859049
- Cited by
- 257
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 2.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
- Keywords
- pain self-management, mobile health apps, mobile application, pain education, self-monitoring, social support
- MeSH terms
- Smartphone, Humans, Self Care, Pain Management, Mobile Applications
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