Smartphone applications for pain management
Abstract
Smartphone applications (or apps) are becoming increasingly popular. The lack of regulation or guidance for health-related apps means that the validity and reliability of their content is unknown. We have conducted a review of available apps relating to the generic condition of pain. The official application stores for five major smartphone platforms were searched: iPhone, Android, Blackberry, Nokia/Symbian and Windows Mobile. Apps were included if they reported a focus on pain education, management or relief, and were not solely aimed at health-care professionals (HCPs). A total of 111 apps met the inclusion criteria. The majority of apps reviewed claimed some information provision or electronic manual component. Diary tracking of pain variables was also a common feature. There was a low level of stated HCP involvement in app development and content. Despite an increasing number of apps being released, the frequency of HCP involvement is not increasing. Pain apps appear to be able to promise pain relief without any concern for the effectiveness of the product, or for possible adverse effects of product use. In a population often desperate for a solution to distressing and debilitating pain conditions, there is considerable risk of individuals being misled.
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The majority of available smartphone applications marketed for chronic pain do not follow evidence-based guidelines, do not involve health care providers or experts in development, and have not undergone scientific studies of effect or validity.
“Overall, the findings show that the majority of available applications do not follow evidence-based guidelines, do not involve health care providers or experts in the development process, and have not undergone any scientific studies of effect and/or validity.”
From ACTsmart: Guided Smartphone-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain—A Pilot Trial. (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Previous reviews of smartphone apps focused mainly on those developed by Apple Inc.
“Previous reviews of smartphone apps focused mainly on those developed by Apple Inc. 3,30”
From Smartphone applications for melanoma detection by community, patient and generalist clinician users: a review (2015) · cites this paper as [3]
The Pain Monitor app was developed by a multidisciplinary team including physicians, nurses, psychologists, and engineers following guidelines on pain research and eHealth.
“The app, which has been developed by a multidisciplinary team including physicians, nurses, psychologists and engineers following guidelines on pain research and eHealth [38,39,40,41], was found to have valid content”
Reviews have evidenced that randomized controlled trials evaluating the usefulness of mHealth tools are lacking in the chronic pain literature.
“In fact, although it has been argued that mobile technology (mHealth)—especially the use of smartphone apps—facilitates this paradigm shift towards telemonitoring in chronic pain care, reviews on this topic have evidenced that randomized controlled trials (RCT) evaluating the usefulness of these tools are lacking in the chronic pain literature [39,41,43,44,45].”
One significant challenge is the lack of guidance and involvement of health care providers and intended users in the development process.
“One significant challenge is the lack of guidance and involvement of health care providers and intended users in the development process [21,27,32-37].”
From A User-Centered Approach to an Evidence-Based Electronic Health Pain Management Intervention for People With Chronic Pain: Design and Development of EPIO (2020) · cites this paper as [37]
There is a need for research in this field because many applications seem to have been developed without the involvement of a health care professional and, to our knowledge, none have been tested in randomized trials.
“There is a need for research in this field because many applications seem to have been developed without the involvement of a health care professional and, to our knowledge, none have been tested in randomized trials [22].”
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- Authors
- Rosser, B. A., & Eccleston, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Bath (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Eccleston, Christopher
- Venue
- Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-08-15
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 308-312
- ISSN
- 1357-633X (ISSN-L)
- 1758-1109
- OpenAlex
- W2127728884
- Cited by
- 364
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 55.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/F002815/1, EP/F001916/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
- Keywords
- mobile application, pain management, pain education, health apps, app regulation, electronic manuals, misleading health claims, consumer health information
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Medical Records, Cell Phone, Chronic Pain, Pain Management
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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