The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Nicotine Gum for Pregnant Smokers: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the safety and efficacy of treatment with 2-mg nicotine gum for smoking cessation during pregnancy. METHODS: Pregnant women who smoked daily received individualized behavioral counseling and random assignment to a 6-week treatment with 2-mg nicotine gum or placebo followed by a 6-week taper period. Women who did not quit smoking were instructed to reduce the number of cigarettes smoked by substituting with gum. Measures of tobacco exposure were obtained throughout the study. RESULTS: Participants in the nicotine (n = 100) and placebo (n = 94) groups were comparable in age, race/ethnicity, and smoking history. Biochemically validated smoking-cessation rates were not significantly higher with nicotine gum compared with placebo (after 6 weeks of treatment: 13% compared with 9.6%, P=.45; at 32-34 weeks of gestation: 18% compared with 14.9%, P=.56). Using a completer analysis, nicotine gum significantly reduced the number of cigarettes smoked per day (nicotine gum: -5.7 [standard deviation (SD)=6.0]; placebo: -3.5 [SD=5.7], P=.035), and cotinine concentration (nicotine gum: -249 ng/mL [SD=397]; placebo: -112 ng/mL [SD=333]; P=.04). Birth weights were significantly greater with nicotine gum compared with placebo (3,287 g [SD=566] and 2,950 g [SD=653], respectively, P<.001). Gestational age was also greater with nicotine-replacement therapy than with placebo (38.9 weeks [SD=1.7] and 38.0 weeks [SD=3.3], respectively; P=.014). CONCLUSION: Although nicotine gum did not increase quit rates, use of nicotine gum increased birth weight and gestational age, two key parameters in predicting neonatal wellbeing.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Four placebo-RCTs were judged to be at low [23,24,26,29] and two non-placebo RCTs at high risk of bias [25,28]; for the remaining study this was unclear [27].”
From Fetal safety of nicotine replacement therapy in pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021) · cites this paper as [26]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire
HEATHERTON, T. F., KOZLOWSKI, L. T., FRECKER, R. C., & FAGERSTROM, K. (1991) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x · Cited by 10,738
Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change.
Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.51.3.390 · Cited by 9,098
Screening for Depression in Well Older Adults: Evaluation of a Short Form of the CES-D
Andresen, E. M., Malmgren, J. A., Carter, W. B., & Patrick, D. L. (1994) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(18)30622-6 · Cited by 5,403
Andresen, E. M., Malmgren, J. A., Carter, W. B., & Patrick, D. L. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 4,426
Treating tobacco use and dependence-Clinical practice guideline
Mc, F. (2000) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,616
Elective induction versus spontaneous labor after sonographic diagnosis of fetal macrosomia.
Combs, C. A., Singh, N. B., & Khoury, J. C. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 2,463
Fetal origins of adult disease: strength of effects and biological basis
Barker, D., Eriksson, J., Forsén, T., & Osmond, C. (2002) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/31.6.1235 · Cited by 2,024
Women and Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General
Satcher, D. S., Thompson, T. G., & Koplan, J. P. (2002) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200210135650 · Cited by 892
THE CHANGING CIGARETTE, 1950-1995
Hoffmann, I. H. D. (1997) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/009841097160393 · Cited by 823
Fetal Nicotine or Cocaine Exposure: Which One is Worse?
Slotkin, T. A. (1998) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)37495-6 · Cited by 676
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 31 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- First, 2002, Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR axis I disorders, research version, patient edition with psychotic screen (SCID-I/P W/PSY SCREEN).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–113 of 113
Common Respiratory Issues in Ambulatory Obstetrics
Orzechowski, K. M., & Miller, R. C. (2012) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/grf.0b013e31825cfd17 · Cited by 2
Warland, J., & McCutcheon, H. (2010) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2010.05.007 · Cited by 2
Safety and Efficacy of Nicotine Replacement Treatment During Pregnancy
García‐Algar, Ó., & Checa, M. J. (2010) · Archivos de Bronconeumología · doi:10.1016/s1579-2129(10)70111-7 · Cited by 1
Vanderhoeven, J., & Tolosa, J. E. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9781444317619.ch10 · Cited by 1
“Ahora es momento de pensar en él”: Programa de ayuda a las gestantes para dejar de fumar.
Papiol, E. M. (2014) · UdL Open Repository (University of Lleida)
SOGC CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE SOGC CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE
Wong, S., Ordean, A., Kahan, M., Gagnon, R. J., Qc, M., Hudon, L., Basso, M., Bos, H., Crane, J. M. G., Davies, G., et al. (2011)
Alcohol, Nicotine and Caffeine
Taylor, R. B. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7874-5_12
Matuskova, A. (2013) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)
Longo, C. A. (2013) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-3391
(2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-71330-9.00016-7
Vanderhoeven, J., & Tolosa, J. E. (2011) · Series in maternal-fetal medicine · doi:10.3109/9781841848235.022
Nicotine Gum for Pregnant Smokers Increases Birth Weight
(2009) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30841-5
Thimkorn, P., Booncharoen, C., Chaipitak, P., Wiengkeaw, P., Thananithisak, C., Boonpattharatthiti, K., & Dhippayom, T. (2026) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2026.108723
Metadata
- Authors
- Oncken, C., Dornelas, E., Greene, J., Sankey, H., Glasmann, A., Feinn, R., & Kranzler, H. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Hartford Hospital (US)
- Baystate Medical Center (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Venue
- Obstetrics & Gynecology
- Published
- 2008-10
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 859-867
- ISSN
- 0029-7844 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2630492
- OpenAlex
- W2135464095
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 7.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Obstetrics and Gynecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K24 AA13736, P50AA015632, K24AA013736)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA015167, R01-DA15167, P50DA013334)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR006192)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pregnancy and Medication Impact
- Keywords
- nicotine gum, smoking cessation, pregnancy, nicotine replacement therapy, birth weight, gestational age, cotinine, tobacco smoke exposure, behavioral counseling
- MeSH terms
- Birth Weight, Chewing Gum, Cotinine, Counseling, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Nicotine, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Prospective Studies, Smoking Cessation, Nicotinic Agonists
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
