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Depressive Disorders During Pregnancy: Prevalence and Risk Factors in a Large Urban Sample
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of major and minor depression, panic disorder, and suicidal ideation during pregnancy while also identifying factors independently associated with antenatal depressive disorders. METHODS: In this prospective study, participants were 1,888 women receiving ongoing prenatal care at a university obstetric clinic from January 2004 through January 2009. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders was measured using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria based on the Patient Health Questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression identified factors associated with probable major depressive disorder and any depressive disorder. RESULTS: Antenatal depressive disorders were present in 9.9% with 5.1% (97) meeting criteria for probable major depression and 4.8% (90) meeting criteria for probable minor depression. Panic disorder was present in 3.2% (61), and current suicidal ideation was reported by 2.6% (49). Among patients with probable major depression, 29.5% (28) reported current suicidal ideation. Psychosocial stress (odds ratio [OR], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-1.36), domestic violence (OR 3.45; 95% CI 1.46-8.12), chronic medical conditions (OR 3.05; 95% CI 1.63-5.69), and race (Asian: OR 5.81; 95% CI 2.55-13.23; or African American: OR 2.98; 95% CI 1.24-7.18) each significantly increased the odds of probable antepartum major depressive disorder, whereas older age (OR 0.92; 95% CI 0.88-0.97) decreased the odds. Factors associated with odds of any depression were similar overall except that Hispanic ethnicity (OR 2.50; 95% CI 1.09-5.72) also independently increased the odds of any depression. CONCLUSION: Antenatal major and minor depressive disorders are common and significantly associated with clinically relevant and identifiable risk factors. By understanding the high point prevalence and associated factors, clinicians can potentially improve the diagnosis and treatment rates of serious depressive disorders in pregnant women. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.
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“Moreover, symptoms of depression and anxiety have been found to be exacerbated by higher levels of stress (13–15).”
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Identifying the women at risk of antenatal anxiety and depression: a systematic review
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BackgroundResultPrevalence and associated factors of antenatal depression: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Yin, X., Sun, N., Jiang, N., Xu, X., Gan, Y., Zhang, J., Qiu, L., Yang, C., Shi, X., Chang, J., et al. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101932 · Cited by 409
Depression and treatment among U.S. pregnant and nonpregnant women of reproductive age, 2005–2009
Ko, J. Y., Farr, S. L., Dietz, P. M., & Robbins, C. L. (2012) · Journal of Women's Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2011.3466 · Cited by 289
Metadata
- Authors
- Melville, J. L., Gavin, A., Guo, Y., Fan, M.-Y., & Katon, W. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Venue
- Obstetrics & Gynecology
- Published
- 2010-11
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1064-1070
- ISSN
- 0029-7844 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3068619
- OpenAlex
- W1969021057
- Cited by
- 329
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 16.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Obstetrics and Gynecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1kl2rr025015-01)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K24MH069471, R01MH085668)
- National Center for Research Resources (KL2-RR025015, 1KL2-RR-025015-01)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD042828)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy-related medical research
- Keywords
- antenatal depression, major depressive disorder, minor depression, panic disorder, suicidal ideation, pregnancy, prevalence, risk factors, psychosocial stress, domestic violence, chronic disease, ethnicity, Hispanic women, Asian women, African American women
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Risk Factors, Spouse Abuse, Stress, Psychological, Suicide, Urban Population, Prevalence, Panic Disorder, Young Adult
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