Regeneration versus fibrosis in skeletal muscle
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review evaluates recently published literature examining various muscle tissue cells and their modulators that determine whether injured skeletal muscle will fully regenerate or become fibrotic. RECENT FINDINGS: Muscle regeneration is a complex process involving several interacting cell types. Macrophages initiate a cytokine response to injury that both directs the subsequent inflammatory response and promotes nonmyeloid proliferation. Muscle cells and their progenitors produce autocrine and paracrine growth factors that help inhibit or stimulate muscle growth and regeneration. Cells of the connective tissue, including fibroblasts and newly described fibro/adipogenic progenitors, can support myogenic cells and remodel the extracellular matrix. However in certain environments, fibrosis can become a self-perpetuating process leading to incomplete muscle regeneration. SUMMARY: Several cell types are involved in the muscle repair process, interacting through multiple signaling molecules and pathways. This provides a richness of potential therapeutic targets to reduce fibrosis and facilitate skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Chronic inflammation and persistent Mp accumulation are often associated with tissue destruction and fibrosis.
“However, chronic inflammation and persistent Mp accumulation are often associated with tissue destruction and fibrosis [6 -8].”
From Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair (2013) · cites this paper as [7]
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Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair
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- Authors
- Moyer, A. L., & Wagner, K. R.
- Affiliations
- Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wagner, Kathryn R.
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Rheumatology
- Published
- 2011-11
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 568-573
- ISSN
- 1040-8711 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2314732254
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Rheumatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Muscular Dystrophy Association
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Wound Healing and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
- Keywords
- skeletal muscle regeneration, muscle fibrosis, muscle damage, macrophages, inflammation, cytokines, myogenic progenitor cells, fibroblasts, fibro-adipogenic progenitors, extracellular matrix remodeling, growth factors, muscle repair
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Connective Tissue Cells, Fibrosis, Humans, Regeneration, Signal Transduction, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal, Myoblasts, Skeletal
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