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The role of microbes and autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric illness
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To illustrate how microbes might participate in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric illness by triggering the production of autoantibodies that bind to brain targets. RECENT FINDINGS: Some studies link exposure to infectious agents to development of brain disorders; others have identified autoantibodies in individuals with these conditions without finding evidence of pathogens. Neither line of work demonstrates consistent associations between a specific neuropsychiatric disease and a particular environmental trigger or immune marker. Growing evidence suggests that the microbiome conditions host immunity to microbes and xenobiotics, and regulates autoimmune responses that can affect the central nervous system (CNS). The presence of CNS receptors for cytokines and other immune molecules underscores the importance of brain-immune crosstalk in maintaining normal function. An increased prevalence of familial autoimmunity, exposure to pathogens prenatally and postnatally, and findings of antibrain antibodies is common in disorders as diverse as schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism, and suggests that differences in exposure timing and genetic vulnerability toward autoimmunity are important determinants of neuropsychiatric outcomes. SUMMARY: Microbes, both pathogenic and commensal, can induce autoantibodies that bind to brain and affect behavior in susceptible hosts. Interventions that correct the microbial balance or diminish autoantibody binding may be effective in diverse neuropsychiatric conditions mediated by autoimmunity.
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“Although this is an area of ongoing investigation, there is presently little evidence for a link between the gut microbiome, the adaptive immune system, specific autoimmunity, and disorders of the CNS in humans.43,44”
From The Gut Microbiome and the Brain (2014) · cites this paper as [44]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hornig, M.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hornig, Mady
- ORCID
- Hornig, Mady
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Rheumatology
- Published
- 2013-07
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 488-795
- ISSN
- 1040-8711 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2033571021
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 2.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Rheumatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Autoimmune Neurological Disorders and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- neuropsychiatric disorders, autoimmunity, autoantibodies, microbiome, infectious triggers, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism spectrum disorder, commensal microorganisms, familial autoimmunity
- MeSH terms
- Autoantibodies, Autoimmune Diseases, Mental Disorders, Blood-Brain Barrier, Communicable Diseases, Humans, Molecular Mimicry, Microbiota
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