Likelihood of bacterial infection in patients treated with broad-spectrum IV antibiotics in the emergency department.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: Best practice guidelines and quality metrics recommend immediate antibiotic treatment for all patients with suspected sepsis. However, little is known about how many patients given IV antibiotics in the emergency department are ultimately confirmed to have bacterial infection. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: We performed a retrospective study of adult patients who presented to four Massachusetts emergency departments between June 2015 and June 2018 with suspected serious bacterial infection, defined as blood cultures drawn and broad-spectrum IV antibiotics administered. Structured medical record reviews were performed on a random sample of 300 cases to determine the post hoc likelihood of bacterial infection, categorized as definite, likely, unlikely, or definitely none. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among the 300 patients with suspected serious bacterial infections, mean age was 68 years ( sd 18), median hospital length of stay was 5 days (interquartile range, 3–8 d), 45 (15%) were admitted directly to ICU, and 14 (5%) died in hospital. Overall, 196 (65%) had definite ( n = 115; 38%) or likely ( n = 81; 27%) bacterial infection, whereas 104 (35%) were unlikely ( n = 55; 18%) or definitely not infected ( n = 49; 16%). Antibiotic treatment durations differed by likelihood of infection (median 15 days for definite, 9 for likely, 7 for unlikely, and 3 for definitely not infected). The most frequent post hoc diagnoses in patients with unlikely or definitely no bacterial infection included viral infections (28%), volume overload or cardiac disease (9%), drug effects (9%), and hypovolemia (7%). The likelihoods of infection were similar in the subset of 96 cases in whom emergency department providers explicitly documented possible or suspected sepsis and in the 45 patients admitted from the emergency department to the ICU. CONCLUSIONS: One third of patients empirically treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics in the emergency department are ultimately diagnosed with noninfectious or viral conditions. These findings underscore the difficulty diagnosing serious infections in the emergency department and have important implications for guidelines and quality measures that compel immediate empiric antibiotics for all patients with possible sepsis.
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Many patients initially suspected of sepsis are ultimately diagnosed with noninfectious or viral conditions.
“many patients initially suspected of sepsis are ultimately diagnosed with noninfectious or viral conditions”
From Trends in empiric broad-Spectrum antibiotic use for suspected community-onset Sepsis in US hospitals (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
Approximately one-third of patients initially treated for possible sepsis end up having noninfectious diagnoses.
“approximately one-third of patients initially treated for possible sepsis end up having noninfectious diagnoses and culture-positive sepsis accounts for a minority of cases (only 24% in our study).”
From Trends in empiric broad-Spectrum antibiotic use for suspected community-onset Sepsis in US hospitals (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
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- Authors
- Shappell, C. N., Klompas, M., Ochoa, A., & Rhee, C.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Critical Care Medicine
- Published
- 2021-05-07
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e1144-e1150
- ISSN
- 0090-3493 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8516665
- OpenAlex
- W3160241186
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 7.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Critical Care Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U54CK000484)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL007633)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Emergency and Acute Care Studies
- Keywords
- broad-spectrum antibiotics, empirical antibiotic therapy, sepsis, serious bacterial infection, emergency department, viral infection, antibiotic overuse, quality metrics, antibiotic stewardship, blood culture
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Bacterial Infections, Emergency Service, Hospital, Female, Humans, Intensive Care Units, Male, Massachusetts, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Sepsis
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