The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Managing Adult Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder With Comorbid Substance Use Disorder
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objectives: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has its onset before 12 years but often persists into adulthood. Adult ADHD is overrepresented in persons with substance use disorders (SUD). Yet, diagnosis is challenging due to proneness to overdiagnosis, where substance use and other etiologies of attentional symptoms are misattributed to ADHD, and underdiagnosis, where symptoms are attributed to substance use alone. Untreated adult ADHD in persons with SUD can lead to worse overall treatment outcomes. Therefore correct diagnosis and the appropriate treatment are essential. Methods: A clinically focused narrative review was conducted to highlight means to identify, diagnose and manage adult ADHD in persons with comorbid SUD. Results: Screening for adult ADHD should start with interview questions and the use of 2 standardized screening instruments. If screening is suggestive, a thorough diagnostic review is required to ensure adult ADHD is diagnosed correctly, addressing aspects of substance intoxication/withdrawal and potential psychiatric comorbidity. Treatment primarily involves pharmacotherapy, but there is significant controversy in persons with comorbid adult ADHD and SUD regarding whether to prescribe nonstimulants versus long-acting stimulants, even though the best evidence supports the long-acting stimulants. Conclusions: Adult ADHD often goes undetected in persons with SUD, necessitating standardized screening in all adults with SUD. After an affirmative diagnostic review, treatment should be initiated with either a long-acting stimulant or a nonstimulant depending on patient characteristics. Follow-up should use screening instruments to measure symptom improvement beyond subjective reports and clinically monitor for any potential substance cravings or relapse. Objectifs: Le trouble de déficit de l’attention/hyperactivité (TDAH) apparaît avant l'âge de 12 ans mais persiste souvent à l'âge adulte. Le TDAH chez l’adulte est surreprésenté chez les personnes atteintes de troubles liés à l’utilisation de substances (TUS). Pourtant, le diagnostic est difficile à établir en raison de la tendance au surdiagnostic, lorsque l’utilisation de substances psychoactives et d’autres étiologies de symptômes attentionnels sont attribuées à tort au TDAH, et au sous-diagnostic, lorsque les symptômes sont attribués à la seule consommation de substances. Le TDAH non traité chez les adultes atteints de TUS peut entraîner une détérioration des résultats globaux du traitement. Par conséquent, un diagnostic juste et un traitement approprié sont essentiels. Méthodes: Un examen narratif centré sur la pratique clinique a été réalisé pour mettre en évidence les moyens d’identifier, diagnostiquer et prendre en charge les adultes souffrant de TDAH avec TUS comorbide. Résultats: Le dépistage du TDAH chez l’adulte doit commencer par des questions d’entrevue et l’utilisation de 2 instruments de dépistage normalisés. Si le dépistage est suggestif, un examen diagnostique approfondi est nécessaire pour s’assurer que le TDAH pour adultes est correctement diagnostiqué, en abordant les aspects d’intoxication/sevrage de substances et la comorbidité psychiatrique potentielle. Le traitement repose principalement sur la pharmacothérapie, mais il existe une controverse importante chez les personnes adultes souffrant d’un TDAH comorbide et d’un TUS quant à la prescription de nonstimulants ou de stimulants à longue durée d’action, même si les meilleures preuves soutiennent les stimulants à longue durée d’action. Conclusions: Le TDAH chez l’adulte n’est souvent pas détecté chez les personnes ayant un TUS et un dépistage standardisé est nécessaire chez tous les adultes atteints de TUS. Après un examen diagnostique positif, le traitement doit être initié à l’aide d’un stimulant à action prolongée ou d’un non-stimulant, selon les caractéristiques du patient. Le suivi doit utiliser des instruments de dépistage pour mesurer l’amélioration des symptômes au-delà des rapports subjectifs et surveiller cliniquement tout besoin potentiel de consommer des substances ou de rechute.
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“the symptoms of stimulant intoxication and withdrawal can closely mimic those of ADHD [70].”
From Navigating the Complex Intersection of Substance Use and Psychiatric Disorders: A Comprehensive Review (2024) · cites this paper as [70]
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Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach
Katzman, M. A., Bilkey, T. S., Chokka, P. R., Fallu, A., & Klassen, L. J. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1463-3 · Cited by 732
Treatment strategies for ADHD: an evidence-based guide to select optimal treatment
Caye, A., Swanson, J. M., Coghill, D., & Rohde, L. A. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0116-3 · Cited by 303
Stimulant ADHD medication and risk for substance abuse
Chang, Z., Lichtenstein, P., Halldner, L., D'Onofrio, B., Serlachius, E., Fazel, S., Långström, N., & Larsson, H. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12164 · Cited by 225
van de Glind, G., Konstenius, M., Koeter, M. W. J., van Emmerik-van Oortmerssen, K., Carpentier, P.-J., Kaye, S., Degenhardt, L., Skutle, A., Franck, J., Bu, E.-T., et al. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.09.026 · Cited by 193
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Psychosis with Methylphenidate or Amphetamine in Patients with ADHD
Moran, L. V., Öngür, D., Hsu, J., Castro, V. M., Perlis, R. H., & Schneeweiß, S. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1813751 · Cited by 188
ADHD Medication and Substance-Related Problems
Quinn, P. D., Chang, Z., Hur, K., Gibbons, R. D., Lahey, B. B., Rickert, M. E., Sjölander, A., Lichtenstein, P., Larsson, H., & D’Onofrio, B. M. (2017) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16060686 · Cited by 187
Levin, F. R., Mariani, J. J., Specker, S., Mooney, M., Mahony, A., Brooks, D. J., Babb, D., Bai, Y., Eberly, L. E., Nunes, E. V., et al. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.41 · Cited by 179
Treatment Strategies for Co-Occurring ADHD and Substance Use Disorders
Mariani, J. J., & Levin, F. R. (2007) · The American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1080/10550490601082783 · Cited by 153
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Bahji, A. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13040999 · Cited by 83
“This is because the symptoms of stimulant intoxication and withdrawal can closely mimic those of ADHD [70].”
BackgroundSelf-citationNavigating Evidence, Challenges, and Caution in the Treatment of Stimulant Use Disorders
Bahji, A., Danilewitz, M., & Crockford, D. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13101416 · Cited by 9
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ward, B., Bahji, A., & Crockford, D.
- Affiliations
- Memorial University of Newfoundland (CA)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Venue
- Canadian Journal of Addiction
- Published
- 2022-12
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 6-12
- ISSN
- 2368-4720 (ISSN-L)
- 2368-4739
- OpenAlex
- W4385820699
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 0.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Canadian Journal of Addiction (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Keywords
- adult ADHD, substance use disorders, comorbidities, ADHD screening, ADHD diagnosis, overdiagnosis, underdiagnosis, long-acting stimulants, non-stimulant medication, pharmacotherapy, psychiatric comorbidity, relapse monitoring, drug craving, treatment outcomes, interview questions, follow-up monitoring
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