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Sleep Differences Among Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders and Typically Developing Peers: A Meta-analysis
Abstract
Objective Sleep problems such as difficulties in sleep initiation, nighttime awakening, and shortened sleep time are often subjectively reported in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, results of objective studies have been mixed. Our goal was to evaluate the existing data from objective measures using a systematic approach to identify and describe the differences in sleep parameters by comparing total sleep time (TST), sleep latency (SL), and sleep efficiency (SE) in children with ASD with those of typically developing (TD) peers. Methods Studies that used objective measures such as actigraphy or polysomnography (PSG) to describe the sleep parameters of TST, SL, and SE in children with ASD compared with children with TD were identified. A meta-analysis was performed for the 10 studies that met inclusion criteria with evaluation of differences in means using random effects models. A total of 343 children with ASD and 221 children with TD were included. Assessments for sources of heterogeneity and publication bias were undertaken. Results TST for children with ASD was on average 32.8 minutes less per day (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.6-49.0 minutes) than their TD peers. Average SL was 10.9 minutes longer (95% CI: 6.7-15.0 minutes), and average SE was 1.9% less (95% CI: 0.7%-3.1%) than their TD peers. Notable heterogeneity was found within studies for TST, and mild heterogeneity was found for SE. Concurrent intellectual disability was a moderator of TST. C…
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“Disrupted sleep is commonly reported across a variety of psychiatric conditions, such as ASD (Elrod and Hood, 2015; Klukowski et al., 2015), depression (Alvaro et al., 2013; Shanahan et al., 2014), anxiety (Alvaro et al., 2013; Shanahan et al., 2014), OCD (Díaz-Román et al., 2015), PTSD (Kobayashi et al., 2007), and schizophrenia (Chan et al., 2017).”
From Atypical interoception as a common risk factor for psychopathology: A review (2021) · cites this paper as Elrod and Hood, 2015
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Metadata
- Authors
- Elrod, M. G., & Hood, B. S.
- Affiliations
- United States Department of Defense (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics
- Published
- 2015-04
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 166-177
- ISSN
- 0196-206X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1993929385
- Cited by
- 191
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 1.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- sleep disorders, total sleep time, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, children, intellectual disability, actigraphy, polysomnography, sleep initiation, medication use
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Humans, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Case-Control Studies
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