Intellectual disability and its relationship to autism spectrum disorders

Matson, Johnny L.; Shoemaker, Mary

doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2009.06.003

Cited by 833Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchDown syndrome and intellectual disability researchBehavioral and Psychological Studies

Intellectual disability and its relationship to autism spectrum disorders

Matson, Johnny L., Shoemaker, Mary·2009·Research in Developmental Disabilities

DOI 10.1016/j.ridd.2009.06.003

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Abstract

Intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) covary at very high rates. Similarly, greater severity of one of these two disorders appears to have effects on the other disorder on a host of factors. A good deal of research has appeared on the topic with respect to nosology, prevalence, adaptive functioning, challenging behaviors, and comorbid psychopathology. The purpose of this paper was to provide a critical review and status report on the research published on these topics. Current status and future directions for better understanding these two covarying disorders was reviewed along with a discussion of relevant strengths and weaknesses of the current body of research.

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All studies included in the present review involved individuals without intellectual disability, thus excluding a large proportion of the autism spectrum disorder population.
“All the studies included in the present review involved individuals without in tellectual disability, thus excluding a large proportion of the ASD pop ulation (La Malfa et al., 2004; Matson and Shoemaker, 2009).”
From Predictive coding in neuropsychiatric disorders: a systematic transdiagnostic review. (2025) · cites this paper as Matson and Shoemaker, 2009
Genetic approaches have identified causes for more than 1,000 Mendelian and fewer non-Mendelian forms of neurodevelopmental disorders, including intellectual disability, ASD, epilepsy, and schizophrenia.
“Various genetic approaches have been successful in identifying the causes of more than 1,000 Mendelian, and fewer non-Mendelian, forms of neurodevelopmental disorders: prototypical examples are intellectual disability62–68, autism spectrum disorder (ASD)69–77, epilepsy78,79 and schizophrenia80–82.”
From Systems biology and gene networks in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders (2015) · cites this paper as [64]

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Parikshak, N. N., Luo, R., Zhang, A., Won, H., Lowe, J. K., Chandran, V., Horvath, S., & Geschwind, D. H. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.10.031 · Cited by 1,039 · see citing works
An Overview of Autism Spectrum Disorder, Heterogeneity and Treatment Options
Masi, A., DeMayo, M. M., Glozier, N., & Guastella, A. J. (2017) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-017-0100-y · Cited by 987 · see citing works
Maternal metabolic conditions and risk for autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders
Krakowiak, P., Walker, C. K., Bremer, A. A., Baker, A. S., Ozonoff, S., Hansen, R. L., & Hertz-Picciotto, I. (2012) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2583 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Targeted sequencing identifies 91 neurodevelopmental-disorder risk genes with autism and developmental-disability biases
Stessman, H. A. F., Xiong, B., Coe, B. P., Wang, T., Hoekzema, K., Fenckova, M., Kvarnung, M., Gerdts, J., Trinh, S., Cosemans, N., et al. (2017) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3792 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Systems biology and gene networks in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders
Parikshak, N. N., Gandal, M. J., & Geschwind, D. H. (2015) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3934 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Genetic and Epigenetic Networks in Intellectual Disabilities
van Bokhoven, H. (2011) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-110410-132512 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Neurodevelopmental disease genes implicated by de novo mutation and copy number variation morbidity
Coe, B. P., Stessman, H. A. F., Sulovari, A., Geisheker, M. R., Bakken, T. E., Lake, A. M., Dougherty, J. D., Lein, E. S., Hormozdiari, F., Bernier, R. A., et al. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0288-4 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Autism with intellectual disability is associated with increased levels of maternal cytokines and chemokines during gestation
Jones, K. L., Croen, L. A., Yoshida, C. K., Heuer, L., Hansen, R., Zerbo, O., DeLorenze, G. N., Kharrazi, M., Yolken, R., Ashwood, P., et al. (2017) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.77 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Review of gender differences in core symptomatology in autism spectrum disorders
Rivet, T. T., & Matson, J. L. (2011) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2010.12.003 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
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Autism Spectrum Disorders and Epigenetics
Grafodatskaya, D., Chung, B., Szatmari, P., & Weksberg, R. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.005 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
An epigenetic framework for neurodevelopmental disorders: From pathogenesis to potential therapy
Millan, M. J. (2013) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.11.015 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Sleep Differences Among Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders and Typically Developing Peers: A Meta-analysis
Elrod, M. G., & Hood, B. S. (2015) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000140 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Age‐related differences in cognition across the adult lifespan in autism spectrum disorder
Lever, A. G., & Geurts, H. M. (2016) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1545 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
The Prevalence of Self-injurious Behaviour in Autism: A Meta-analytic Study
Steenfeldt-Kristensen, C., Jones, C. A., & Richards, C. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04443-1 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Demographic and Cognitive Profile of Individuals Seeking a Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adulthood
Happé, F. G., Mansour, H., Barrett, P., Brown, T., Abbott, P., & Charlton, R. A. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2886-2 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Low stress reactivity and neuroendocrine factors in the BTBR T+tf/J mouse model of autism
Silverman, J. L., Yang, M., Turner, S. M., Katz, A. M., Bell, D. B., Koenig, J. I., & Crawley, J. N. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.09.059 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
'We have to try to find a way, a clinical bridge' – autistic adults’ experience of accessing and receiving support for mental health difficulties: a systematic review and thematic meta-synthesis
Brede, J., Cage, E., Trott, J., Palmer, L., Smith, A., Serpell, L., Mandy, W., & Russell, A. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102131 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Family history of mental and neurological disorders and risk of autism
Xie, S., Karlsson, H., Dalman, C., Widman, L., Rai, D., Gardner, R. M., Magnusson, C., Schendel, D. E., Newschaffer, C. J., & Lee, B. K. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.0154 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Dysfunction of <scp>SHANK2</scp> and <scp>CHRNA7</scp> in a patient with intellectual disability and language impairment supports genetic epistasis of the two loci
Chilian, B., Abdollahpour, H., Bierhals, T., Haltrich, I., Fekete, G., Nagel, I., Rosenberger, G., & Kutsche, K. (2013) · Clinical Genetics · doi:10.1111/cge.12105 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Stepping stones triple P seminars for parents of a child with a disability: a randomized controlled trial
Sofronoff, K., Jahnel, D., & Sanders, M. (2011) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2011.07.046 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Comparing Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders in a Developmentally Disabled Adult Population Using the Current DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Criteria and the Proposed DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria
Matson, J. L., Belva, B. C., Horovitz, M., Kozlowski, A. M., & Bamburg, J. W. (2012) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-012-9278-0 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
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The association between epilepsy and autism symptoms and maladaptive behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder
Viscidi, E. W., Johnson, A. L., Spence, S. J., Buka, S. L., Morrow, E. M., & Triche, E. W. (2014) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313508027 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Deletion of α-neurexin II results in autism-related behaviors in mice
Dachtler, J., Glasper, J., Cohen, R. N., Ivorra, J. L., Swiffen, D. J., Jackson, A. J., Harte, M. K., Rodgers, R. J., & Clapcote, S. J. (2014) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2014.123 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The familial risk of autism spectrum disorder with and without intellectual disability
Xie, S., Karlsson, H., Dalman, C., Widman, L., Rai, D., Gardner, R. M., Magnusson, C., Sandin, S., Tabb, L. P., Newschaffer, C. J., et al. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2417 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) programmes for anxiety or depression in adults with intellectual disabilities: A review of the literature
Unwin, G., Tsimopoulou, I., Kroese, B. S., & Azmi, S. (2016) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2015.12.010 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The Impact of Atypical Sensory Processing on Adaptive Functioning and Maladaptive Behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorder During Childhood: Results from the ELENA Cohort
ELENA study group, Dellapiazza, F., Michelon, C., Oreve, M.-J., Robel, L., Schoenberger, M., Chatel, C., Vesperini, S., Maffre, T., Schmidt, R., et al. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-03970-w · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Understanding, recognising and treating co-occurring anxiety in autism
Rodgers, J., & Ofield, A. (2018) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-018-0132-7 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Mouse Model of Chromosome 15q13.3 Microdeletion Syndrome Demonstrates Features Related to Autism Spectrum Disorder
Kogan, J. H., Gross, A. K., Featherstone, R. E., Shin, R., Chen, Q., Heusner, C. L., Adachi, M., Lin, A., Walton, N. M., Miyoshi, S., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3967-14.2015 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Parental behavior comparisons between parents of children with autism spectrum disorder and parents of children without autism Spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis
Ku, B., Stinson, J. D., & MacDonald, M. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01412-w · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Association of antidepressant medication use during pregnancy with intellectual disability in offspring
Viktorin, A., Uher, R., Kolevzon, A., Reichenberg, A., Levine, S. Z., & Sandin, S. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.1727 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Autism Severity as a Predictor of Comorbid Conditions
Jang, J., & Matson, J. L. (2015) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-015-9421-9 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citation
Predictive coding in neuropsychiatric disorders: a systematic transdiagnostic review.
Qela, B., Damiani, S., De Santis, S., Groppi, F., Pichiecchio, A., Asteggiano, C., Brondino, N., Monteleone, A. M., Grassi, L., Politi, P., et al. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106020 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“All the studies included in the present review involved individuals without intellectual disability, thus excluding a large proportion of the ASD population (La Malfa et al., 2004; Matson and Shoemaker, 2009).”
EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP): the autism twin cohort
the EU-AIMS LEAP group, Isaksson, J., Tammimies, K., Neufeld, J., Cauvet, É., Lundin, K., Buitelaar, J. K., Loth, E., Murphy, D. G. M., Spooren, W., et al. (2018) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0212-x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Daily living pain assessment in children with autism: exploratory study
Dubois, A., Michelon, C., Rattaz, C., Zabalia, M., & Baghdadli, A. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.01.003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Autism‐relevant behaviors are minimally impacted by conditional deletion of Pten in oxytocinergic neurons
Clipperton‐Allen, A. E., Chen, Y., & Page, D. T. (2016) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1641 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
IQ Modulates Coupling Between Diverse Dimensions of Psychopathology in Children and Adolescents
Mahony, B. W., Tu, D., Rau, S., Liu, S., Lalonde, F. M., Alexander-Bloch, A. F., Satterthwaite, T. D., Shinohara, R. T., Bassett, D. S., Milham, M. P., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.06.015 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Co-Occurrence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Cerebral Palsy and Associated Comorbid Conditions in Children and Adolescents
Leader, G., Mooney, A., Chen, J. L., Whelan, S., Naughton, K., Maher, L., & Mannion, A. (2022) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.1080/17518423.2021.2011456 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wechsler intelligence scale for children, fifth edition profiles of children with autism spectrum disorder using a classification and regression trees analysis
Dale, B. A., Finch, W. H., Shellabarger, K. A. R., & Davis, A. (2021) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/07342829211025924 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
IQ profiles and clinical symptoms of Chinese school-aged boys with autism spectrum disorder
Li, G., Du, Y., Luan, F., Li, M., & Ousley, O. (2017) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ejpsy.2017.04.001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Diagnosing Personality Disorder in Africans (Blacks) Using the Azibo Nosology: Two Case Studies
Atwell, I., & Azibo, D. A. Y. (1991) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984910172002 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Nosology, Taxonomy and the Classification Conundrum of the Functional Psychoses
Parshall, A. M., & Priest, R. G. (1993) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.162.2.227 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Elderly patients with head and neck cancer: the influence of comorbidity on choice of therapy, complication rate, and survival
Derks, W., de Leeuw, R. J., & Hordijk, G. J. (2005) · Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1097/01.moo.0000156169.63204.39 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Influence of comorbidity on the choice of treatment and survival of elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer
Ai-wu, Li, Caicun, et al. (2008) · Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni
Health Care Resource Utilization And Costs Associated With HIV-Positive Patients With Comorbidity Versus HIV-Negative Patients With Comorbidity
Lachaîne, J., Baribeau, V., Lorgeoux, R.-P., et al. (2017) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2017.08.2323 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Authors: Matson, J. L., & Shoemaker, M.
Affiliations: Louisiana State University (US)
Corresponding author: Matson, Johnny L.
ORCID: Matson, Johnny L.
Venue: Research in Developmental Disabilities
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2009-11
Volume: 30
Issue: 6
Pages: 1107-1114
ISSN: 0891-4222 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2009.06.003
OpenAlex: W2015463602
Cited by: 833
References: 90
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 47
FWCI: 3.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Research in Developmental Disabilities (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Keywords: intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, comorbidities, disease classification, prevalence, adaptive behavior, behavioral problems, comorbid psychopathology, disorder severity
MeSH terms: Child, Developmental Disabilities, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Humans, Intellectual Disability, Comorbidity, Prevalence

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Intellectual disability and its relationship to autism spectrum disorders

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