Estimating Direct Effects in Cohort and Case–Control Studies

Marginal Structural Models and Causal Inference in Epidemiology

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Identifiability and exchangeability for direct and indirect effects

Robins, J. M., & Greenland, S. (1992) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199203000-00013 · Cited by 1,793

Direct and Indirect Effects

Pearl, J. (2022) · ACM eBooks · doi:10.1145/3501714.3501736 · Cited by 1,039

The Consquences of Adjustment for a Concomitant Variable That Has Been Affected by the Treatment

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Marginal Structural Models for the Estimation of Direct and Indirect Effects

VanderWeele, T. J. (2009) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e31818f69ce · Cited by 583

Fallibility in estimating direct effects

Cole, S. R., & Hernán, M. A. (2002) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/31.1.163 · Cited by 548

Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (2001)Preprint

Breese, J. S., & Koller, D. (2013) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1301.4607 · Cited by 435

Estimation of Direct Causal Effects

Petersen, M. L., Sinisi, S. E., & van der Laan, M. J. (2006) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000208475.99429.2d · Cited by 362

Data, Design, and Background Knowledge in Etiologic Inference

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Computation, Causation, and Discovery

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Does weight mediate the effect of smoking on coronary heart disease? Parametric mediational g-formula analysis

Mokhayeri, Y., Nazemipour, M., Mansournia, M. A., Naimi, A. I., & Kaufman, J. S. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0262403 · Cited by 8

Recent Developments in Causal Inference and Machine LearningPreprint

Brand, J. E., Zhou, X., & Xie, Y. (2022) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/627tz · Cited by 8

Survival mediation analysis with the death‐truncated mediator: The completeness of the survival mediation parameter

Tai, A., Tsai, C., & Lin, S. (2021) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.9008 · Cited by 7

Inequality in Process: Income and Heterogeneous Educational Health Gradients Among Blacks and Whites in the USA

Esposito, M. H. (2019) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-019-09270-3 · Cited by 6

Estimation of controlled direct effects in time‐varying treatments using structural nested mean models: application to a primary prevention trial for coronary events with pravastatin

Shinozaki, T., Matsuyama, Y., & Ohashi, Y. (2014) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.6162 · Cited by 6

Metabolic Acidosis Is Associated With an Accelerated Decline of Allograft Function in Pediatric Kidney Transplantation

Prytula-Ebels, A., Shroff, R. C., van Gremberghe, I., Krupka, K., Bacchetta, J., Benetti, E., Grenda, R., Guzzo, I., Kanzelmeyer, N. K., Büyükkaragöz, B., et al. (2024) · Kidney International Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2024.04.007 · Cited by 5

Reducing behavior problems in children born after an unintended pregnancy: the generation R study

Enthoven, C. A., Labrecque, J. A., Koopman‐Verhoeff, M. E., den Berg, M. P. L., Hillegers, M. H. J., Marroun, H. E., & Jansen, P. W. (2024) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-024-02693-3 · Cited by 5

VanderWeele and Vansteelandt Respond to "Decomposing With a Lot of Supposing" and "Mediation"

VanderWeele, T. J., & Vansteelandt, S. (2010) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwq331 · Cited by 5

Mediation Analysis with Attributable Fractions

Sjölander, A. (2018) · Epidemiologic Methods · doi:10.1515/em-2017-0010 · Cited by 5

Consumption of sweetened beverages is associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes in Brazilian adults (CUME project)

Dias, J. P. V., Pimenta, A. M., Sobrinho, P. D. S. C., Hermsdorff, H. H. M., Bressan, J., & Nobre, L. N. (2023) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2023.01.022 · Cited by 10

A Comparison of Potential Outcome Approaches for Assessing Causal Mediation

Coffman, D. L., MacKinnon, D. P., Zhu, Y., & Ghosh, D. (2016) · ICSA book series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41259-7_14 · Cited by 5

Assessing Potential Outcomes Mediation in HIV Interventions

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Effect of water scarcity on groundwater use efficiency in the rice sector of Karnataka: a case study

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Looking homeward with the life course: Early origins of adult dwelling satisfaction?

Schafer, M. H., & Andersson, M. A. (2020) · Advances in Life Course Research · doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2020.100328 · Cited by 6

Attendance, Completion, and Heterogeneous Returns to College: A Causal Mediation ApproachPreprint

Zhou, X. (2021) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/hr3n6 · Cited by 5

Covariate adjustment in LGBTQ+ health disparities research: aligning methods with assumptions

Reynolds, C. A., Chen, J. T., Chakraborty, P., Chibnik, L. B., Rich-Edwards, J. W., & Charlton, B. M. (2025) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwaf197 · Cited by 5

Inequality, growth fluctuations, and employment

Hacıbedel, B., Mandon, P., Muthoora, P., & Pouokam, N. (2023) · Empirical Economics · doi:10.1007/s00181-023-02476-w · Cited by 4

Kidney Machine Perfusion Is Associated With Improved Long‐Term Graft Survival Mediated by Reduced Delayed Graft Function: A Mate‐Kidney Analysis

Cojuc‐Konigsberg, G., & Chopra, B. (2025) · Artificial Organs · doi:10.1111/aor.15066 · Cited by 4

Testing for direct genetic effects using a screening step in family-based association studies

Lutz, S. M., Vansteelandt, S., & Lange, C. (2013) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2013.00243 · Cited by 4

SAS® Macros for Computing Causal Mediated Effects in Two- and Three-Wave Longitudinal Models.

Valente, M. J., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2018) · PubMed · Cited by 4

Identifying Pleiotropic Effects: A Two-Stage Approach Using Genome-Wide Association Meta-Analysis DataPreprint

Chen, X., & Hsu, Y. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/184895 · Cited by 4

水资源稀缺性感知影响农户地下水利用效率的路径分析——基于华北井灌区1168份调查数据的实证

王昕, Xin, W., Lu, Q., & Qian, L. (2019) · 资源科学 · doi:10.18402/resci.2019.01.09 · Cited by 3

The Sequential Binge, a New Therapeutic Approach for Binge Eating: A Pilot Study

Neveu, R., Neveu, D., Barbalat, G., Schmidt, U. H., Coricelli, G., & Nicolas, A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165696 · Cited by 3

The association between the multiple birth and breast cancer incidence: an update of a systematic review and meta-analysis from 1983 to 2022

Veisi, P., Nikouei, M., Cheraghi, M., Shahgheibi, S., & Moradi, Y. (2023) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-023-01089-0 · Cited by 3

Causal definitions versus casual estimation: Reply to Valente et al. (2022).

Brandt, H. (2024) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000544 · Cited by 2

How does the affordable care act Medicaid expansion affect cigarette consumption?—The mechanism and heterogeneity

Wang, L., Zheng, Y., & Buck, S. C. (2021) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12367 · Cited by 2

Sjögren’s syndrome and Parkinson’s Disease: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Cai, X., Jin, Z., Zhang, S., Liu, J., Jiang, Z. S., Tang, F., & Lan, T. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0298778 · Cited by 2

Mediating Various Direct-effect Approaches

TenHave, T. R. (2009) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e3181ba41cc · Cited by 2

Destruction from Above: Long-Term Impacts of WWII Tokyo Air RaidsPreprint

Harada, M., Ito, G., & Smith, D. M. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3471361 · Cited by 2

Some Doubly and Multiply Robust Estimators of Controlled Direct EffectsPreprint

Zhou, X. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2011.09569 · Cited by 1

DirectEffects: Estimating Controlled Direct Effects for Explaining Causal Findings

Blackwell, M., Acharya, A. R., Sen, M., Kuriwaki, S., Brown, J., & Strezhnev, A. (2018) · doi:10.32614/cran.package.directeffects · Cited by 2

Evaluating the Impact of Research-Based Updates to an Adaptive Learning System

Matayoshi, J., Cosyn, E., & Uzun, H. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78270-2_80 · Cited by 1

Exploring effective teacher certificate requirements to benefit student achievement: Evidence from a global perspective

Xie, X., & Zheng, Q. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2025.103476 · Cited by 3

Mediation Modeling in Randomized Trials with Non-normal Outcome Variables

Cheng, J., & Gansky, S. A. (2018) · ICSA book series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-7820-0_10 · Cited by 1

Mediationsanalyse

Huber, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-63496-7_21-1 · Cited by 1

Exploring the Relationship Between Early Severity of Epilepsy and Depressive Symptoms in Youth Ten Years after Diagnosis

Brar, S. (2017) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 1

Rejoinder: Estimands and their Estimators for Clinical Trials Impacted by the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Report from the NISS Ingram Olkin Forum Series on Unplanned Clinical Trial Disruptions

Lancker, K. V., Tarima, S. S., Bartlett, J. W., Bauer, M., Dharan, B., Bretz, F., Flournoy, N., Michiels, H., Parra, C. O., Rosenberger, J. L., et al. (2023) · Statistics in Biopharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1080/19466315.2022.2162958 · Cited by 1

Causal Effect Estimation Under Linear and Log-Linear Structural Nested Mean Models in the Presence of Unmeasured Confounding

Wang, C.-H. (2010) · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania) · Cited by 1

Substance use in adolescent girls: the interplay of pubertaltiming, family and peer influence

Hummel, A. (2014) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) · Cited by 1

Targeted Minimum Loss Based Estimation: Applications and Extensions in Causal Inference and Big Data

Lendle, S. (2015) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 1

Regression-with-residuals Estimation of Marginal Effects: A Method of Adjusting for Treatment-induced Confounders that may also be ModeratorsPreprint

Wodtke, G. T., Alaca, Z., & Zhou, X. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1808.07795 · Cited by 1

On the Persistent Effects of the Slave Trade on Postcolonial Politics in AfricaPreprint

Ito, G. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3714585 · Cited by 1

Essays on foreign aid, political cycles and environmental degradation

Boly, M. (2020) · doi:10.70675/e116247fz446az43fez82a2z9b1a465efbb9 · Cited by 1

Multiply Robust Estimation: The Development and Evaluation of a Novel Method for Causal Analysis

DerSarkissian, M. (2014) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)

Causal and Design Issues in Clinical Trials

Zhang, R. (2011) · Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania)

Integration of expression profiles and endo-phenotypes in genetic association studies: A Bayesian approach to determine the path from gene to disease

Lutz, S. M., Sharma, S., Hokanson, J. E., Weiss, S. T., Raby, B. A., & Lange, C. (2013) · Open Journal of Genetics · doi:10.4236/ojgen.2013.33024

Testing the Mediated Effect in the Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design

Valente, M. J. (2015) · Arizona State University Library Digital Repository (Arizona State University)

Causal inference under directed acyclic graphs

Wang, Y. (2015) · Memorial University Research Repository (Memorial University)

Erratum: Estimating direct effects in cohort and case–control studies

(2010) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e3181cd72aa

Epidemiology of oral cancer in India: a life course study.

Rao, K., & Vidya, S. (2014) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide)

Estimating Causal Direct and Indirect Effects in the Presence of Post-Treatment Confounders: A Simulation Study

Kisbu‐Sakarya, Y. (2013)

ELX: An Empirical Two-Stage Combinatorial Approach to Identify Pleiotropic Genetic Effects by using Genome-Wide Association Summary StatisticsPreprint

Tsai, M.-J., Chen, X., & Hsu, Y. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1578442/v1

rbw: An R Package for Constructing Residual Balancing Weights

Baum, D. S., & Zhou, X. (2022) · The R Journal · doi:10.32614/rj-2022-049

Methods for Studying Mediating Mechanisms in Developmental and Intervention Studies of Child Maltreatment

Lamp, S. J., Alvarez-Bartolo, D., Luecken, L. J., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2023) · Child maltreatment solutions network · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-33739-0_5

Reducing behavior problems in children born after an unintended pregnancy: A hypothetical intervention study in the population-based Generation R cohortPreprint

Enthoven, C. A., Labrecque, J. A., Koopman‐Verhoeff, M. E., den Berg, M. P. L., Hillegers, M. H. J., Marroun, H. E., & Jansen, P. W. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3816656/v1

No causal relationship between ankylosing spondylitis and Parkinson's disease: Insights from Mendelian randomization studies

Chen, J., Xu, Q.-H., Wang, Y., Jiang, S., Zhang, B., & Tian, J. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40381

Absence of bidirectional causality between primary biliary cholangitis and major depression: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Du, Q., Han, Y., & Pan, P. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000044731

Comparison of g-Estimation Approaches for Handling Symptomatic Medication at Multiple Timepoints in Alzheimer’s Disease with a Hypothetical Strategy

Lasch, F., Guizzaro, L., & Loh, W. W. (2025) · Statistics in Biopharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1080/19466315.2025.2573322

Overview of mediation methods: from estimands to estimations

Lepage, B., Colineaux, H., Garès, V., Bodinier, B., Delpierre, C., & Chadeau‐Hyam, M. (2025) · Exposome · doi:10.1093/exposome/osag010

Estimation of Controlled Direct Effects

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Estimation of Controlled Direct Effects in the Presence of Exposure-Induced Confounding and Latent Variables

Loeys, T., Moerkerke, B., Raes, A., Rosseel, Y., & Vansteelandt, S. (2014) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2014.915372 · Cited by 19

Estimating controlled direct effects in the presence of intermediate confounding of the mediator–outcome relationship: Comparison of five different methods

Lepage, B., Dedieu, D., Savy, N., & Lang, T. (2012) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280212461194 · Cited by 16

Estimation of controlled direct effects on a dichotomous outcome using logistic structural direct effect models

Vansteelandt, S. (2010) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/asq053 · Cited by 21

Estimation of a controlled direct effect when an effect of the exposure confounds the mediator-outcome relationship: a comparison of different methods.

Lepage, B., Dedieu, D., Savy, N., & Lang, T. (2016) · HAL