Symptoms of menopause: hot flushes
Abstract
Vasomotor symptoms (VMSs) are highly prevalent during the peri- and early postmenopause. They constitute a major driver for patient self-referral for medical care. Although most women will experience an abatement of their VMS by 5 years after their final menses, women with early or surgical menopause may have worse or more persistent symptoms, and up to 16% of naturally menopausal women continue to experience VMS well after their menopause is past. Although estrogen is the most effective known therapy, it is neither appropriate nor desirable for every symptomatic woman, and nonhormonal treatments such as gabapentin, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors/selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors drugs, and the antihypertensives clonidine and alphamethyldopa may be helpful for some women. There is mounting evidence to support the ineffectiveness of many proposed complementary and alternative modalities. This review will highlight the natural history of VMS and the current medical evidence supporting various treatments.
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It is not the absolute level of estrogens, but the rate of estrogen withdrawal that determines the onset of flushes.
“It is not the absolute level of estrogens, but the rate of estrogen withdrawal that determines the onset of flushes (Kronenberg, 2010; Santoro, 2008).”
From Modulation of body temperature and LH secretion by hypothalamic KNDy (kisspeptin, neurokinin B and dynorphin) neurons: A novel hypothesis on the mechanism of hot flushes (2013) · cites this paper as Santoro, 2008
Withdrawal of gonadal steroids induces flushes in women treated with tamoxifen, women with premature ovarian failure, aging men with diminished testosterone, and men with prostate carcinoma undergoing androgen ablation therapy.
“Withdrawal of gonadal steroids induces flushes in a variety of patients: women treated with tamoxifen for breast cancer, women with premature ovarian failure, aging men with diminished testosterone, and men with prostate carcinoma undergoing androgen ablation therapy (Santoro, 2008).”
From Modulation of body temperature and LH secretion by hypothalamic KNDy (kisspeptin, neurokinin B and dynorphin) neurons: A novel hypothesis on the mechanism of hot flushes (2013) · cites this paper as Santoro, 2008
Hot flushes occur in response to ovariectomy in young women and are effectively treated by estrogen replacement.
“Hot flushes occur in response to ovariectomy in young women and are effectively treated by estrogen replacement (Santoro, 2008).”
From Modulation of body temperature and LH secretion by hypothalamic KNDy (kisspeptin, neurokinin B and dynorphin) neurons: A novel hypothesis on the mechanism of hot flushes (2013) · cites this paper as Santoro, 2008
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- Authors
- SANTORO, N.
- Affiliations
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- SANTORO, NANETTE
- ORCID
- SANTORO, NANETTE
- Venue
- Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 539-548
- ISSN
- 0009-9201 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042433605
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 0.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Sexual function and dysfunction studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Keywords
- menopause, hot flashes, vasomotor symptoms, postmenopausal women, early menopause, surgical menopause, estrogen therapy, non-hormonal therapy, gabapentin, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, clonidine, methyldopa, complementary and alternative medicine
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Complementary Therapies, Female, Humans, Menopause, Middle Aged, Vasomotor System, Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Evidence-Based Medicine, Hot Flashes
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