The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Ketamine-Associated Brain Changes: A Review of the Neuroimaging Literature
Open accessAbstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent conditions in psychiatry. Patients who do not respond to traditional monoaminergic antidepressant treatments have an especially difficult-to-treat type of MDD termed treatment-resistant depression. Subanesthetic doses of ketamine—a glutamatergic modulator—have shown great promise for rapidly treating patients with the most severe forms of depression. As such, ketamine represents a promising probe for understanding the pathophysiology of depression and treatment response. Through neuroimaging, ketamine’s mechanism may be elucidated in humans. Here, we review 47 articles of ketamine’s effects as revealed by neuroimaging studies. Some important brain areas emerge, especially the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex. Furthermore, ketamine may decrease the ability to self-monitor, may increase emotional blunting, and may increase activity in reward processing. Further studies are needed, however, to elucidate ketamine’s mechanism of antidepressant action.
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“Convergent data show increased PFC glucose metabolism 24-hours post-ketamine 125,126 , increased fMRI PFC activations acutely (during infusion itself) 127 , and decreased limbic responses to angry (relative to happy) faces among ketamine responders 128 .”
From Neuroplasticity in cognitive and psychological mechanisms of depression: an integrative model (2020) · cites this paper as [126]
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“MDD has been shown to affect, among other areas, the PFC, the hippocampus and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and there is evidence that ketamine affects these areas preferentially.204–206”
From Ketamine as an antidepressant: Overview of its mechanisms of action and potential predictive biomarkers (2020) · cites this paper as [205]
In the citing paper
“MDD has been shown to affect, among other areas, the PFC, the hippocampus and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and there is evidence that ketamine affects these areas preferentially.204–206”
From Ketamine as an antidepressant: Overview of its mechanisms of action and potential predictive biomarkers (2020) · cites this paper as [205]
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Cites
The Brain's Default Network: Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease
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Molecular Mechanisms of Depression: Perspectives on New Treatment Strategies
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A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression.
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mTOR-Dependent Synapse Formation Underlies the Rapid Antidepressant Effects of NMDA Antagonists
Li, N., Lee, B., Liu, R.-J., Banasr, M., Dwyer, J. M., Iwata, M., Li, X.-Y., Aghajanian, G., & Duman, R. S. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1190287 · Cited by 2,881
Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Neuroplasticity in cognitive and psychological mechanisms of depression: an integrative model
Price, R. B., & Duman, R. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0615-x · Cited by 739
Matveychuk, D., Thomas, R. K., Swainson, J., Khullar, A., MacKay, M.-A., Baker, G. B., & Dursun, S. M. (2020) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125320916657 · Cited by 209
The stressed synapse 2.0: pathophysiological mechanisms in stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders
Sanacora, G., Yan, Z., & Popoli, M. (2022) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-021-00540-x · Cited by 197
Alexander, L., Wood, C. M., Gaskin, P. L. R., Sawiak, S. J., Fryer, T. D., Hong, Y. T., McIver, L., Clarke, H. F., & Roberts, A. C. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19167-0 · Cited by 100
Mathai, D. S., Meyer, M. J., Storch, E. A., & Kosten, T. R. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.12.023 · Cited by 97
Metadata
- Authors
- Ionescu, D. F., Felicione, J. M., Gosai, A., Cusin, C., Shin, P., Shapero, B. G., & Deckersbach, T.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cusin, Cristina
- Venue
- Harvard Review of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2018-11
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 320-339
- ISSN
- 1067-3229 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-7309
- PMC
- PMC6102096
- OpenAlex
- W2794329512
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 1.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Harvard Review of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH102279, K23MH107776)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- ketamine, treatment-resistant depression, major depressive disorder, subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, self-monitoring, emotional blunting, reward processing, antidepressant mechanism, glutamatergic modulation, neuroimaging of depression
- MeSH terms
- Antidepressive Agents, Cerebral Cortex, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Ketamine, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Ketamine-Associated Brain Changes: A Review of the Neuroimaging Literature. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1097/hrp.0000000000000179
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- Ionescu, D. F., Felicione, J. M., Gosai, A., Cusin, C., Shin, P., Shapero, B. G., & Deckersbach, T. (2018). Ketamine-Associated Brain Changes: A Review of the Neuroimaging Literature. Harvard Review of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1097/hrp.0000000000000179
