The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: the IASP Classification of Chronic Pain for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11)
Open accessAbstract
Chronic pain is a major source of suffering. It interferes with daily functioning and often is accompanied by distress. Yet, in the International Classification of Diseases , chronic pain diagnoses are not represented systematically. The lack of appropriate codes renders accurate epidemiological investigations difficult and impedes health policy decisions regarding chronic pain such as adequate financing of access to multimodal pain management. In cooperation with the WHO, an IASP Working Group has developed a classification system that is applicable in a wide range of contexts, including pain medicine, primary care, and low-resource environments. Chronic pain is defined as pain that persists or recurs for more than 3 months. In chronic pain syndromes, pain can be the sole or a leading complaint and requires special treatment and care. In conditions such as fibromyalgia or nonspecific low-back pain, chronic pain may be conceived as a disease in its own right; in our proposal, we call this subgroup “chronic primary pain.” In 6 other subgroups, pain is secondary to an underlying disease: chronic cancer-related pain, chronic neuropathic pain, chronic secondary visceral pain, chronic posttraumatic and postsurgical pain, chronic secondary headache and orofacial pain, and chronic secondary musculoskeletal pain. These conditions are summarized as “chronic secondary pain” where pain may at least initially be conceived as a symptom. Implementation of these codes in the upcoming 11th edition of International Classification of Diseases will lead to improved classification and diagnostic coding, thereby advancing the recognition of chronic pain as a health condition in its own right.
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“FM is currently considered an irresolvable primary chronic pain condition (Treede et al., 2019).”
From Online ACT intervention for fibromyalgia: An exploratory study of feasibility and preliminary effectiveness with smartphone-delivered experiential sampling assessment (2022) · cites this paper as Treede et al., 2019
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“The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) has shown that primary chronic pain (e.g.fibromyalgia or non-specific LBP) is different in character and diagnosis than secondary chronic pain (e.g.osteoarthritis or hamstring strain) which has a known underlying MSK disease or injury (Treede et al., 2019).”
From Beyond yellow flags: The Big‐Five personality traits and psychologically informed musculoskeletal rehabilitation. (2023) · cites this paper as Treede et al., 2019
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“Given these considerations and in line with existing guidelines, the establishment of a probable diagnosis of neuropathic pain may be adequate for prompting analgesic treatments in pwMS, provided that the patient has a valid diagnosis of MS (Finnerup et al. 2016; Treede et al. 2019).”
From The Prevalence of Neuropathic Pain in Multiple Sclerosis—A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis Using the NeuPSIG Algorithm (2026) · cites this paper as Treede et al. 2019
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Citations
Cites
Survey of chronic pain in Europe: Prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment
Breivik, H., Collett, B., Ventafridda, V., Cohen, R., & Gallacher, D. (2006) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.06.009 · Cited by 5,486
A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11
Treede, R.-D., Rief, W., Barke, A., Aziz, Q., Bennett, M. I., Benoliel, R., Cohen, M., Evers, S., Finnerup, N. B., First, M. B., et al. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000160 · Cited by 2,822
Self-citationTreede (2008) · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000282763.29778.59 · Cited by 2,746
Theoretical perspectives on the relation between catastrophizing and pain
Sullivan, M. J. L., Thorn, B., Haythornthwaite, J. A., Keefe, F., Martin, M., Bradley, L. A., & Lefebvre, J. C. (2001) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-200103000-00008 · Cited by 2,472
Pain as a global public health priority
Goldberg, D. S., & McGee, S. J. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-770 · Cited by 1,471
Bonica, J. J. (1954) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-195405000-00015 · Cited by 1,467
The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: chronic primary pain
Nicholas, M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Rief, W., Barke, A., Aziz, Q., Benoliel, R., Cohen, M., Evers, S., Giamberardino, M. A., Goebel, A., et al. (2019) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001390 · Cited by 1,424
Self-citationA new definition of neuropathic pain
Jensen, T., Baron, R., Haanpää, M., Kalso, E., Loeser, J., Rice, A., & Treede, R. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.06.017 · Cited by 1,343
Self-citationNeuropathic pain: an updated grading system for research and clinical practice
Finnerup, N. B., Haroutounian, S., Kamerman, P., Baron, R., Bennett, D. L. H., Bouhassira, D., Cruccu, G., Freeman, R., Hansson, P., Nurmikko, T., et al. (2016) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000492 · Cited by 1,332
Self-citationFear-avoidance model of chronic musculoskeletal pain: 12 years on
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., & Linton, S. J. (2012) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.12.009 · Cited by 1,281
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Raja, S. N., Carr, D. B., Cohen, M., Finnerup, N. B., Flor, H., Gibson, S., Keefe, F. J., Mogil, J. S., Ringkamp, M., Sluka, K. A., et al. (2020) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001939 · Cited by 5,223
Self-citationChronic pain: an update on burden, best practices, and new advances
Cohen, S. P., Vase, L., & Hooten, W. M. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00393-7 · Cited by 2,614
The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: chronic primary pain
Nicholas, M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Rief, W., Barke, A., Aziz, Q., Benoliel, R., Cohen, M., Evers, S., Giamberardino, M. A., Goebel, A., et al. (2019) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001390 · Cited by 1,424
Self-citationNociplastic pain: towards an understanding of prevalent pain conditions
Fitzcharles, M.-A., Cohen, S. P., Clauw, D. J., Littlejohn, G., Usui, C., & Häuser, W. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00392-5 · Cited by 1,253
The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: chronic postsurgical or posttraumatic pain
Schug, S. A., Lavand'homme, P., Barke, A., Korwisi, B., Rief, W., Treede, R.-D., & Pain, T. I. T. F. T. C. O. C. (2019) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001413 · Cited by 841
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Metadata
- Authors
- Treede, R.-D., Rief, W., Barke, A., Aziz, Q., Bennett, M. I., Benoliel, R., Cohen, M., Evers, S., Finnerup, N. B., First, M. B., Giamberardino, M. A., Kaasa, S., Korwisi, B., Kosek, E., Lavand'homme, P., Nicholas, M., Perrot, S., Scholz, J., Schug, S., Smith, B. H., Svensson, P., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., & Wang, S.-J.
- Affiliations
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- University of London (GB)
- Academic Unit of Palliative Care, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- University of Münster (DE)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- University of Chieti-Pescara (IT)
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (BE)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Université Paris Descartes (FR)
- Columbia University (US)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- University of Dundee (GB)
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Treede, Rolf-Detlef
- ORCID
- Treede, Rolf-Detlef
- Rief, Winfried
- Barke, Antonia
- Aziz, Qasim
- Benoliel, Rafael
- Cohen, Milton
- Evers, Stefan
- Finnerup, Nanna B.
- First, Michael B.
- Giamberardino, Maria Adele
- Kaasa, Stein
- Korwisi, Beatrice
- Kosek, Eva
- Lavand'homme, Patricia
- Nicholas, Michael
- Perrot, Serge
- Scholz, Joachim
- Schug, Stephan
- Smith, Blair H.
- Svensson, Peter
- Vlaeyen, Johan W.S.
- Wang, Shuu-Jiun
- Venue
- Pain
- Published
- 2019-01
- Volume
- 160
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 19-27
- ISSN
- 0304-3959 (ISSN-L)
- 1872-6623
- OpenAlex
- W2905788968
- Cited by
- 3,478
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 563 · 2025: 669 · 2024: 571 · 2023: 501 · 2022: 493 · 2021: 392 · 2020: 199 · 2019: 64
- FWCI
- 19.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Pain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Access to Libraries (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Publication Server of the Catholic University Eichstätt-Ingolstadt (Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt) (submittedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- Biogen
- International Association for the Study of Pain
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries
- Helsinn
- Les Laboratories Pierre Fabre
- Thompson Family Foundation
- Daiichi-Sankyo
- Eisai
- Astellas Pharma
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- Seqirus
- Allergan
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- chronic pain, ICD-11, diagnosis coding, chronic primary pain, chronic neuropathic pain, chronic headache, orofacial pain, musculoskeletal pain, fibromyalgia, non-specific low back pain, pain epidemiology
- MeSH terms
- Persons with Disabilities, Humans, International Cooperation, Organizations, Pain Measurement, International Classification of Diseases, Chronic Pain
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