Micronutrient deficiency independently predicts adverse health outcomes in patients with heart failure
Open accessAbstract
Background: Despite growing evidence on the important role of micronutrients in prognosis of heart failure (HF), there has been limited research that micronutrient deficiency predicts health outcomes in patients with HF. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine whether micronutrient deficiency independently predicts adverse health outcomes. Methods: A total of 113 consecutive outpatients with HF completed a 3-day food diary to measure intake of 15 micronutrients. The Computer Aided Nutrition Analysis Program for Professionals was used to analyze the food diaries and determine dietary micronutrient deficiencies. Patients completed the Minnesota Living With HF Questionnaire to assess health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and were followed up for 1 year to determine cardiac-related hospitalization or cardiac death. Hierarchical multiple linear regressions and Cox proportional hazard regressions were used to determine whether micronutrient deficiencies predicted health outcomes. Results: Fifty-eight patients (51%) had at least 3 micronutrient deficiencies (range, 0–14). Calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D were the most common micronutrient deficiencies. Micronutrient deficiency was independently associated with worse HRQoL (β = .187, P = .025) in hierarchical multiple linear regression. Thirty-nine patients were hospitalized or died during 1-year follow-up because of cardiac problems. The number of micronutrient deficiencies independently predicted cardiac event–free survival (hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.28). Conclusions: These findings show that micronutrient deficiency independently predicted poor HRQoL and earlier cardiac event–free survival in patients with HF. Further research is needed to provide for specific dietary guidelines for better health outcomes in HF patients.
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Inadequate micronutrient intake has been associated with higher mortality and cardiovascular events in patients with heart failure.
“Inadequate micronutrient intake has been associated with higher mortality and cardiovascular events in patients with HF.106,107”
From Malnutrition and Cachexia in Inpatients With Acute Cardiac Conditions: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2026) · cites this paper as [107]
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Diet and nutrition modifications for cardiovascular health
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- Authors
- Song, E. K., & Kang, S.-M.
- Affiliations
- Severance Hospital (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Song, Eun Kyeung
- Venue
- Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing
- Published
- 2017-01
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 47-53
- ISSN
- 0889-4655 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-5049
- OpenAlex
- W2326350795
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 1.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- journals.lww.com
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- YUHSpace (Yonsei University Medical Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Failure Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- heart failure, micronutrient deficiency, dietary micronutrients, health-related quality of life, cardiac hospitalization, cardiac mortality, calcium deficiency, hypomagnesemia, vitamin D deficiency, food diary, event-free survival
- MeSH terms
- Diet, Healthy, Adult, Deficiency Diseases, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Heart Failure, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutritional Status, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Linear Models, Micronutrients, Dietary Supplements
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