Effects of short-term heated water-based exercise training on systemic blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension: a pilot study
Abstract
High blood pressure (BP) increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and its control is a clinical challenge. Regular exercise lowers BP in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. No data are available on the effects of heated water-based exercise in hypertensive patients. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of heated water-based exercise on BP in patients with resistant hypertension. We tested the effects of 60-min heated water-based exercise training three times per week in 16 patients with resistant hypertension (age 55±6 years). The protocol included walking and callisthenic exercises. All patients underwent 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) before and after a 2-week exercise program in a heated pool. Systolic office BP was reduced from 162 to 144 mmHg (P<0.004) after heated-water training. After the heated-water exercise training during 24-h ABPM, systolic BP decreased from 135 to 123 mmHg (P=0.02), diastolic BP decreased from 83 to 74 mmHg (P=0.001), daytime systolic BP decreased from 141 to 125 mmHg (P=0.02), diastolic BP decreased from 87 to 77 mmHg (P=0.009), night-time systolic BP decreased from 128 to 118 mmHg (P=0.06), and diastolic BP decreased from 77 to 69 mmHg (P=0.01). In addition, BP cardiovascular load was reduced significantly during the 24-h daytime and night-time period after the heated water-based exercise. Heated water-based exercise reduced office BP and 24-h daytime and night-time ABPM levels. These effects suggest that heated water-based exercise may have a potential as a new therapeutic approach to resistant hypertensive patients.
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A recent small pilot study (n=16) demonstrated that a water-based aerobic exercise program may be safe and effective for lowering BP in patients with resistant hypertension.
“A recent small pilot study (n=16) also demonstrated that a water-based aerobic exercise program may be safe and effective for lowering BP in this population.354”
From Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2018) · cites this paper as [354]
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- Authors
- Guimarães, G. V., Cruz, L. G. B., Tavares, A. C., Dorea, E. L., Fernandes-Silva, M. M., & Bocchi, E. A.
- Affiliations
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Instituto do Coração - HCFMUSP (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Guimarães, Guilherme V.
- Venue
- Blood Pressure Monitoring
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 342-345
- ISSN
- 1359-5237 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2330678795
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 2.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Blood Pressure Monitoring (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Universidade de São Paulo
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- resistant hypertension, aquatic exercise, blood pressure reduction, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, cardiovascular load, walking exercise, office blood pressure
- MeSH terms
- Blood Pressure, Exercise Test, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Water, Exercise, Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory
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