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Skeletal muscle as a gene regulatory endocrine organ
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Skeletal muscle is gaining increased attention as an endocrine organ. Recently, novel myokines and new effects of already established myokines have been identified. The objective of this review is to give an update on the recent advances in the field. RECENT FINDINGS: Several hundred putative myokines have been described, some of which are induced by contraction and differentially regulated between healthy and metabolically diseased individuals. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is the prototype myokine, which was identified as a muscle-derived cytokine 15 years ago. Recently, IL-6 has been linked to β-cell survival and inhibition of cancer-cell growth. Moreover, trans-signaling appears to determine whether IL-6 acts as a proinflammatory or an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Irisin has been shown to be a secreted myokine, which contribute to circulating concentrations dependent on training status. IL-15 has been established as a cytokine mediating cross-talk between skeletal muscle and skin tissue, and decorin has been characterized as a contraction-induced myokine which apparently is differentially regulated between healthy and dysglycemic individuals. SUMMARY: Skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ which, by the release of myokines, may influence metabolism in virtually all organs in the body. This knowledge may potentially open up for the possibility of designing new drugs that mimic the effects of myokine signaling.
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“Moreover, resistance exercise may improve MASLD through muscle-liver crosstalk mediated by a myokine called irisin (88, 89).”
From Diet and physical exercise as key players to tackle MASLD through improvement of insulin resistance and metabolic flexibility (2024) · cites this paper as [89]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Karstoft, K., & Pedersen, B. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Pedersen, Bente K.
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care
- Published
- 2016-07
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 270-275
- ISSN
- 1363-1950 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2341256448
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 13.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- skeletal muscle endocrine function, myokines, interleukin-6, trans-signaling, irisin, IL-15, decorin, muscle contraction, metabolic disorders, beta-cell survival, cancer cell growth
- MeSH terms
- Healthy Lifestyle, Animals, Endocrine System Diseases, Endocrine System, Humans, Exercise, Cytokines, Muscle, Skeletal, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
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