Myokines in skeletal muscle physiology and metabolism: Recent advances and future perspectives
Abstract
Myokines are molecules produced and secreted by skeletal muscle to act in an auto‐, para‐ and endocrine manner to alter physiological function of target tissues. The growing number of effects of myokines on metabolism of distant tissues provides a compelling case for crosstalk between skeletal muscle and other tissues and organs to regulate metabolic homoeostasis. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge regarding the impact on metabolism of several canonical and recently identified myokines. We focus specifically on myostatin, β‐aminoisobutyric acid, interleukin‐15, meteorin‐like and myonectin, and discuss how these myokines are induced and regulated as well as their overall function. We also review how these myokines may serve as potential prognostic biomarkers that reflect whole‐body metabolism and how they may be attractive therapeutic targets for treating muscle and metabolic diseases.
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These myokines exert beneficial physiologic and metabolic effects in skeletal muscle and distant tissues such as white adipose tissue, bone, liver, central nervous system, and immune cells to drive a systemic anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitive state permissive for optimization of total-body energy expenditure.
“These exert beneficial physiologic and metabolic effects not only in SkM itself but also in distant tissues such as white adipose tissue (WAT), bone, liver, the central nervous system (CNS), and cells of the immune system to drive a systemic anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitive state, permissive for optimization of total-body energy expenditure [5,7,26,27].”
Myostatin expression is increased in human obesity and strongly associated with insulin resistance by downregulating GLUT4 expression and decreasing phosphorylation of IRS1.
“Its expression is increased in human obesity and strongly associated with insulin resistance by downregulating GLUT4 expression and by decreasing phosphorylation of IRS1 [26].”
IL-15 antagonizes the detrimental actions of TNF-α, considering its antioxidant properties and its ability to stimulate adiponectin release.
“Meanwhile, IL-15 was noted to antagonize the detrimental actions of TNF-α, considering its antioxidant properties [26,87] and its ability to stimulate adiponectin release [86] (6).”
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Self-citationPID1 in adipocytes modulates whole-body glucose homeostasis
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Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines
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“The role of myokines has previously been reviewed (7, 11-37), identifying more than 650 myokines (38).”
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“↔ (Ob and T2DM [84]+; possibly due to increased sIL-15Ra) - ↑: adiponectin [86]↓: TNF-α* [26]+ AT/Immune: antioxidant [87], anti-inflammatory [26]+, ↓lipid accumulation in adipocytes [88] (↑lipolysis [89], ↓lipogenesis [90]) SkM: ↑mitochondrial biogenesis→ ↑FAO (↑PPARδ, PGC-1α/β, SIRT1) [84,91]; ↑glucose uptake, insul…”
BackgroundInfluentialPhysical Exercise and Myokines: Relationships with Sarcopenia and Cardiovascular Complications
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Sarcopenic obesity: Myokines as potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets?
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- Authors
- Das, D. K., Graham, Z. A., & Cardozo, C. P.
- Affiliations
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center (US)
- University of Alabama (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cardozo, Christopher P.
- Venue
- Acta Physiologica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-10-06
- Volume
- 228
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e13367-e13367
- ISSN
- 1748-1708 (ISSN-L)
- 1748-1716
- OpenAlex
- W2969735170
- Semantic Scholar
- 8287298a0e17bb2cd1dd5fcd58681daf46f001f7
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 14
- FWCI
- 1.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Acta Physiologica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (IK2 RX002781)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- myokines, skeletal muscle physiology, skeletal muscle metabolism, myostatin, beta-aminoisobutyric acid, IL-15, meteorin-like, myonectin, hormone signaling, metabolic crosstalk, metabolic homeostasis, prognostic factors, therapeutic target, myopathy, metabolic disorders
- MeSH terms
- Aminoisobutyric Acids, Homeostasis, Humans, Biomarkers, Cytokines, Muscle, Skeletal, Interleukin-15, Adipokines, Myostatin
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