Prevalence of Hypertension in Member Countries of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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Hypertension is a leading attributable risk factor for mortality in South Asia. However, a systematic review on prevalence and risk factors for hypertension in the region of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) has not carried out before.The study was conducted according to the Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Guideline. A literature search was performed with a combination of medical subject headings terms, "hypertension" and "Epidemiology/EP". The search was supplemented by cross-references. Thirty-three publications that met the inclusion criteria were included in the synthesis and meta-analyses. Hypertension is defined when an individual had a systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥90 mm Hg, was taking antihypertensive drugs, or had previously been diagnosed as hypertensive by health care professionals. Prehypertension is defined as SBP 120-139 mm Hg and DBP 80-89 mm Hg.The overall prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension from the studies was found to be 27% and 29.6%, respectively. Hypertension varied between the studies, which ranged from 13.6% to 47.9% and was found to be higher in the studies conducted in urban areas than in rural areas. The prevalence of hypertension from the latest studies was: Bangladesh: 17.9%; Bhutan: 23.9%; India: 31.4%; Maldives: 31.5%; Nepal: 33.8%; Pakistan: 25%; and Sri Lanka: 20.9%. Eight out of 19 studies with information about prevalence of hypertension in both sexes showed that the prevalence was higher among women than men. Meta-analyses showed that sex (men: odds ratio [OR] 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02, 1.37), obesity (OR 2.33; 95% CI: 1.87, 2.78), and central obesity (OR 2.16; 95% CI: 1.37, 2.95) were associated with hypertension.Our study found a variable prevalence of hypertension across SAARC countries, with a number of countries with blood pressure above the global average. We also noted that studies are not consistent in their data collection about hypertension and related modifiable risk factors.
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Risk factors for developing hypertension include more salt intake, sedentary lifestyle, excess weight, unhealthy diet, tobacco consumption, and chronic stress.
“The risk factors for developing HTN are more salt intake, sedentary lifestyle, excess weight, unhealthy diet, tobacco consumption, and chronic stress [8-10].”
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- Authors
- Neupane, D., McLachlan, C. S., Sharma, R., Gyawali, B., Khanal, V., Mishra, S. R., Christensen, B., & Kallestrup, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Neupane, Dinesh
- ORCID
- Venue
- Medicine
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- e74
- ISSN
- 0025-7974 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4616265
- OpenAlex
- W2321793650
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 1.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Aarhus Universitet
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- hypertension prevalence, prehypertension, South Asia, sex differences, obesity, abdominal obesity, urban-rural differences, hypertension risk factors, blood pressure, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
- MeSH terms
- Asia, Blood Pressure, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Asian People
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