The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Comparison of Changes in Biochemical Markers for Skeletal Muscles, Hepatic Metabolism, and Renal Function after Three Types of Long-distance Running: Observational Study
Open accessAbstract
The purpose of this study is to compare changes in biochemical markers for the skeletal muscles, hepatic metabolism, and renal function based on extreme long-distance running.Among healthy amateur endurance athletes who participated in a marathon, 100 km-, or 308 km ultramarathon, 15 athletes with similar physical and demographic characteristics were chosen to be the subjects in this study, upon completion of each course. The subjects' blood was collected before and after the course to identify biochemical markers for the skeletal muscles, hepatic metabolism, and renal function.After all of the courses, creatinine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine were found to be significantly increased compared with values obtained before the race (P <0.05 for each marker). CK, LDH, AST, and LDH were significantly higher after completion of the 100 km race than the marathon (P <0.05) and were significantly higher after the 308 km race than the marathon or 100 km race (P <0.05). Total protein was significantly lower after the 308 km race than the marathon or 100 km race (P <0.05). Albumin significantly increased after the marathon but significantly decreased after the 308 km course (P <0.05). Total and direct bilirubin were significantly increased after the 100 km and 308 km races (P <0.05), and were significantly higher after the 308 km than the marathon or 100 km course (P <0.05). BUN was significantly higher after the 100 km race than the marathon (P <0.05) and was significantly lower after the 308 km than the 100 km race (P <0.05). Creatinine was significantly higher after the marathon and 100 km than the 308 km race (P <0.05). Uric acid significantly increased after the marathon and 100 km race (P <0.05); it was significantly higher after completing the marathon and 100 km than the 308 km race (P <0.05).Muscular damage, decline in hepatic function, and hemolysis in the blood were higher after running a 308 km race, which is low-intensity running compared with a marathon, and a temporary decline in renal function was higher after completing a 100 km race, which is medium-to-high intensity.
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“This is reinforced by empirical data showing that whole-blood markers of muscle breakdown (e.g., creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and serum creatine phosphokinase) were higher following ultra-marathons when compared to marathons run at a relatively faster pace [58, 59].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [58]
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Cites
Fletcher, G. F., Balady, G. J., Amsterdam, E. A., Chaitman, B., Eckel, R., Fleg, J., Froelicher, V. F., Leon, A. S., Piña, I. L., Rodney, R., et al. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/hc3901.095960 · Cited by 1,923
Gibbons, R. J., Balady, G. J., Beasley, J. W., FAAFP, Bricker, J. T., Duvernoy, W. F. C., Froelicher, V. F., Mark, D. B., Marwick, T. H., McCallister, B. D., et al. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.1.345 · Cited by 1,094
The Spectrum of Rhabdomyolysis
Gabow, P. A., Kaehny, W. D., & Kelleher, S. P. (1982) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/00005792-198205000-00002 · Cited by 1,086 · cited 1×
“Rhabdomyolysis is a form of damage to the skeletal muscles, most commonly caused by trauma.(14) Recently, studies have found that atraumatic rhabdomyolysis occurs in healthy persons after extreme exercise.”
BackgroundMyofibrillar damage following intense eccentric exercise in man
Fridén, J., Sjöström, M., & Ekblom, B. (1983) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2008-1026030 · Cited by 1,005
Biochemical markers of muscular damage
Brancaccio, P., Lippi, G., & Maffulli, N. (2010) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm.2010.179 · Cited by 844
HIGH AST/ALT RATIO MAY INDICATE ADVANCED ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE RATHER THAN HEAVY DRINKING
Nyblom, H. (2004) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agh074 · Cited by 477
Metabolic markers in sports medicine
Banfi, G., Colombini, A., Lombardi, G., & Lubkowska, A. (2012) · Advances in clinical chemistry · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394317-0.00015-7 · Cited by 329 · cited 2×
“Renal dysfunction can be measured by BUN and creatinine.(32) Blood BUN and creatinine increase after marathon completion.”
BackgroundExercise-Induced Muscle Damage
Kuipers, H. (1994) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-1021034 · Cited by 256 · cited 1×
“Marathon running induces not only musculoskeletal injury but also atraumatic, temporary dysfunction and injury to the cardiovascular system, liver, and kidney.(3,4,6,7,9) Increases in AST, ALT, and LDH after a 24-hour ultramarathon indicate chronic liver injury because of long-time extreme exercise.”
BackgroundEffect of Exercise on Serum Enzyme Activities in Humans
Noakes, T. D. (1987) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-198704040-00003 · Cited by 246 · cited 2×
“This supports other studies that report that the increase in CK after the 308 km ultramarathon is more closely related to exercise duration than to physical fitness level or exercise intensity.(10,17) Furthermore, higher CK and LDH during a long-distance ultramarathon than a marathon may be caused by the accumulation…”
BackgroundResultBiomarkers of muscle and cartilage damage and inflammation during a 200 km run
Kim, H. J., Lee, Y. H., & Kim, C. K. (2007) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0362-y · Cited by 217
Cited by
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Physiology and Pathophysiology in Ultra-Marathon Running
Knechtle, B., & Nikolaidis, P. Τ. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00634 · Cited by 352
Tiller, N. B., Roberts, J. D., Beasley, L., Chapman, S., Pinto, J. M., Smith, L., Wiffin, M., Russell, M., Sparks, S. A., Duckworth, L., et al. (2019) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-019-0312-9 · Cited by 164
Viribay, A., Arribalzaga, S., Mielgo‐Ayuso, J., Castañeda-Babarro, A., Seco‐Calvo, J., & Urdampilleta, A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12051367 · Cited by 85
“Moreover, LDH increases up to 56% have been shown 24 h after completing a mountain marathon [1] and 35% in terms of GOT [22].”
BackgroundInfluentialŻebrowska, A., Sadowska‐Krępa, E., Stanula, A., Waśkiewicz, Z., Łakomy, O., Bezuglov, E., Nikolaidis, P. Τ., Rosemann, T. J., & Knechtle, B. (2020) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00347-8 · Cited by 67
Exertional rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury in endurance sports: A systematic review
Rojas‐Valverde, D., Sánchez‐Ureña, B., Crowe, J., Timón, R., & Olcina, G. J. (2020) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2020.1746837 · Cited by 59
Metadata
- Authors
- Shin, K.-A., Park, K. D., Ahn, J., Park, Y., & Kim, Y.-J.
- Affiliations
- Inje University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Park, Ki Deok
- Park, Yongbum
- Venue
- Medicine
- Published
- 2016-05
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- e3657
- ISSN
- 0025-7974 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4902411
- OpenAlex
- W2407546570
- Semantic Scholar
- 5ec2bc217022c99f10adb00aadbcd1f02d135357
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 10.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- long-distance running, ultramarathon, marathon running, endurance athletes, biochemical markers, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, renal function, hepatic metabolism, muscle damage, hemolysis, bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alanine Transaminase, Alkaline Phosphatase, Aspartate Aminotransferases, Bilirubin, Blood Urea Nitrogen, Creatine Kinase, Creatinine, gamma-Glutamyltransferase, Humans, Kidney, L-Lactate Dehydrogenase, Liver, Male, Middle Aged, Physical Endurance, Running, Serum Albumin, Uric Acid, Biomarkers, Muscle, Skeletal
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