Manganese exposure: cognitive, motor and behavioral effects on children a review of recent findings
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Manganese (Mn) is an essential element, but can be neurotoxic when exceeding the homeostatic range. We reviewed the most recent human studies (from January 2011 to July 2012) regarding the association between Mn exposure and cognitive, motor and behavioral effects on children. RECENT FINDINGS: A total of 10 articles were located; data were collected from five different countries. Six studies showed adverse effect of Mn on cognitive function. The most adopted cognitive test was the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) or some subtests from it and results suggest an inverse association of higher Mn exposure with lower intellligence quotient. Three studies focused on motor effects of Mn; two of them found a direct association of higher Mn exposure with increased motor impairment. Two studies assessed Mn impact on behavior; one of them showed a correlation between higher Mn in water and both internalizing and externalizing behavioral scores. Potential limitations of these studies included the lack of validated biomarkers and the lack of consideration of mixed co-exposure with other neurotoxic agents. SUMMARY: Despite some potential limitations of the reviewed studies, the adverse effects of manganese exposure on the developing brain is well demonstrated and preventive strategies should be promoted.
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Both lead and manganese have been associated with attentional and behavioural outcomes relevant to ASD.
“Both these elements have been associated with attentional and behavioural outcomes relevant to ASD721.”
From Fetal and postnatal metal dysregulation in autism (2017) · cites this paper as [21]
Manganese is an essential nutrient with emerging evidence of neurotoxicity.
“Our primary focus was on lead, an established neurotoxicant that has been implicated in ASD20, and manganese, an essential nutrient with emerging evidence of neurotoxicity21.”
From Fetal and postnatal metal dysregulation in autism (2017) · cites this paper as [21]
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- Authors
- Zoni, S., & Lucchini, R. G.
- Affiliations
- Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale degli Spedali Civili di Brescia (IT)
- University of Brescia (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Zoni, Silvia
- ORCID
- Lucchini, Roberto G.
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Pediatrics
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 255-260
- ISSN
- 1040-8703 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4073890
- OpenAlex
- W141982433
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 9.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Brescia) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- European Commission
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES019222)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
- Keywords
- manganese exposure, manganese neurotoxicity, children, cognitive function, intelligence quotient, motor impairment, behavioral effects, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, developing brain, biomarkers, combined exposure
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Cognition Disorders, Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Humans, Manganese, Neurotoxicity Syndromes
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