The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 112 of the 113 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Diabetes and Pancreatic Cancer: Chicken or Egg?
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Although half of all patients with pancreatic cancer are diabetic at the time of diagnosis, it remains unclear whether the diabetes associated with pancreatic cancer is a cause or an effect of the malignancy. METHODS: Epidemiologic studies were reviewed, the geographic prevalence of diabetes and the incidence of pancreatic cancer were examined, and clinical and laboratory studies were reviewed. RESULTS: Long-standing diabetes increases the risk of pancreatic cancer by 40% to 100%, and recent-onset diabetes is associated with a 4- to 7-fold increase in risk, such that 1% to 2% of patients with recent-onset diabetes will develop pancreatic cancer within 3 years. Treatment of diabetes or morbid obesity decreases the risk of pancreatic cancer, and metformin therapy decreases the risk due to both its antidiabetic and antineoplastic effects. Recent-onset diabetes associated with pancreatic cancer likely represents secondary or type 3 diabetes. The discrimination of type 3 diabetes from the more prevalent type 2 diabetes may identify the high-risk subgroup of diabetic patients in whom potentially curable pancreatic cancer may be found. CONCLUSIONS: Type 2 and type 1 diabetes mellitus increase the risk of pancreatic cancer with a latency period of more than 5 years. Type 3 diabetes mellitus is an effect, and therefore a harbinger, of pancreatic cancer in at least 30% of patients.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“It has been proven that there is 1–2% of diabetic patients who will develop pancreatic cancer in 3 years (118).”
From Diabetes and Sarcopenic Obesity: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatments (2020) · cites this paper as [118]
Citations
Cites
Global Cancer Statistics, 2002
Parkin, D. M., Bray, F., Ferlay, J., & Pisani, P. (2005) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/canjclin.55.2.74 · Cited by 18,710
Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. Adults
Calle, E. E., Rodriguez, C., Walker-Thurmond, K., & Thun, M. J. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa021423 · Cited by 7,696
Jemal, A., Siegel, R., Ward, E., Murray, T., Xu, J., & Thun, M. J. (2007) · CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/canjclin.57.1.43 · Cited by 7,439
Effects of Bariatric Surgery on Mortality in Swedish Obese Subjects
Sjöström, L., Narbro, K., Sjöström, C. D., Karason, K., Larsson, B., Wedel, H., Lystig, T., Sullivan, M., Bouchard, C., Carlsson, B., et al. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa066254 · Cited by 4,668
Landis, S., Murray, T., Bolden, S., & Wingo, P. A. (1999) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/canjclin.49.1.8 · Cited by 3,068
Metformin and reduced risk of cancer in diabetic patients
Evans, J. M. M., Donnelly, L. A., Emslie-Smith, A. M., Alessi, D. R., & Morris, A. D. (2005) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38415.708634.f7 · Cited by 2,388
Insulin and insulin-like growth factor signalling in neoplasia
Pollak, M. (2008) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc2536 · Cited by 2,059
The Kinase LKB1 Mediates Glucose Homeostasis in Liver and Therapeutic Effects of Metformin
Shaw, R. J., Lamia, K. A., Vasquez, D., Koo, S.-H., Bardeesy, N., DePinho, R. A., Montminy, M., & Cantley, L. C. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1120781 · Cited by 1,950
The LKB1 tumor suppressor negatively regulates mTOR signaling
Shaw, R. J., Bardeesy, N. M., Manning, B. D., Lopez, L. V., Kosmatka, M., DePinho, R. A., & Cantley, L. C. (2004) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2004.06.007 · Cited by 1,107
Type-II diabetes and pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis of 36 studies
Huxley, R., Ansary-Moghaddam, A., Berrington de González, A., Barzi, F., & Woodward, M. (2005) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602619 · Cited by 1,105
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 113 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–140 of 140
Véliz, D. S., Alam, C. M., Nietzel, T., Wyborski, R., Rivero‐Müller, A., & Alam, P. (2015) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.05.047 · Cited by 5
Unraveling the sweet connection between pancreatic cancer and hyperglycemia
Post, Z., Lora, D. R., & Błogowski, W. (2025) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2025.06.003 · Cited by 5
The Increased Risk of Cancer in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Potential Mechanisms
Gallagher, E. J., Neel, B. A., Antoniou, I. M., Yakar, S., & LeRoith, D. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18741-9_36 · Cited by 4
Fasting and Glucose-Stimulated Changes in Plasma Glucagon in Pancreatic Cancer
Stern, J. H., Arriaga, Y. E., Gupta, A., Verma, U. N., Karri, S., Syed, S. K., Khosama, L., Mansour, J. C., Meyer, J., Scherer, P. E., et al. (2018) · Pancreas · doi:10.1097/mpa.0000000000001208 · Cited by 4
Elevated HbA1c Levels Are Associated with a Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: A Case–Control Study
Grewe, S., Jördens, M. S., Roderburg, C., Leyh, C., Labuhn, S., Luedde, T., Krieg, S., Krieg, A. H., Loosen, S. H., & Kostev, K. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13185584 · Cited by 3
Tea drinking and risk of pancreatic cancer
Junbao, W., Chen, L., & Xiaodong, Z. (2014) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20140688 · Cited by 3
Zhu, X., Xiao, Z., Liu, H., Zhang, P., Deng, S., Ding, L., Feng, J., Luo, J., Ni, Q., Luo, G., et al. (2023) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000006168 · Cited by 3
Sporadic Pancreatic Cancer: Glucose Homeostasis and Pancreatogenic Type 3 Diabetes
Škrha, J., Fric, P., Bušek, P., Škrha, P., & Šedo, A. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.75740 · Cited by 3
Clinical Presentation and Symptoms in Pancreatic Cancer
Primavesi, F. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53786-9_24 · Cited by 2
Patterns and Relevance of Langerhans Islet Invasion in Pancreatic Cancer
Göß, R., Mutgan, A. C., Çalışan, U., Erdogan, Y. C., Ren, L., Jäger, C., Safak, O., Stupakov, P., Istvánffy, R., Frieß, H., et al. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13020249 · Cited by 2
Closing sale of innovative treatment options for the treatment of diabetes and metabolic disorders?
Schindler, C. (2011) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/2042018811430839 · Cited by 2
Tan, P. S., Clift, A. K., Liao, W., Patone, M., Coupland, C. A. C., Bashford-Rogers, R. J. M., Sivakumar, S., Clifton, D. A., Pereira, S. P., & Hippisley‐Cox, J. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.12.22.21268161 · Cited by 2
Aetiological and clinical aspects of symptomatic gallstone disease and pancreatic cancer.
Banim, P. J. R. (2011) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) · Cited by 2
Preoperative glucose abnormalities in patients with pancreatic tumours
Matejak-Górska, M., Durlik, M., Kałuża, B., Milczarczyk, A., & Franek, E. (2014) · Gastroenterology Review · doi:10.5114/pg.2014.42506 · Cited by 1
Insulin Resistance Is a Common Core Tethered to Diabetes and Pancreatic Cancer Risk
Verma, H. K., & Bhaskar, L. V. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9393-9_12 · Cited by 1
Exploring prior diseases associated with pancreatic cancer
Lee, C. T., Hu, J.-X., & Liu, C.-M. (2021) · Current Problems in Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2021.100707 · Cited by 1
Diabetes Mellittus and the Risk of Cancer Formation – Possible Link and Review of Literature
Ekpe, L. E. (2015) · American Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.11648/j.ajim.20150304.15 · Cited by 1
Müller, S., Bläuer, K., Ergin, G., Bergmann, F., Z’graggen, K., Schmied, B. M., & Ulrich, A. B. (2012) · Pancreatology · doi:10.1016/j.pan.2012.05.004 · Cited by 1
New-onset Diabetes as an Early Sign of Pancreatic Cancer
Ahn, J., & Lee, J. K. (2013) · Korean Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.4166/kjg.2013.62.5.263 · Cited by 1
The Increased Risk of Cancer in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Potential Mechanisms
Gallagher, E. J., Neel, B. A., Antoniou, I. M., Yakar, S., & LeRoith, D. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20797-1_36-2 · Cited by 1
How Should Secondary Causes of Diabetes Be Excluded?
Griffin, T. P., O’Loughlin, A., & Dinneen, S. F. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119603207.ch4 · Cited by 2
Bayesian Spatiotemporal Modelling of Chronic Disease Outcomes
Baker, J. (2017) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.104455 · Cited by 1
Multi-Disciplinary Management of Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer
Ghosn, M. G., Hanna, C., & El., F. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/28997
Koga, H. (2011) · International Journal of Urology · doi:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2011.02898.x
The Role of Hyperinsulenemia as a Risk Factor for Pancreatic Cancer
Preziosi, G., Oben, J. A., & Fusai, G. (2013) · Journal of Cancer Therapy · doi:10.4236/jct.2013.410175
How should we treat glucose intolerance as a risk factor for pancreatic cancer?
Sato, E., Tando, Y., Yanagimachi, M., Tanaka, H., Matsuhashi, Y., Matsumoto, A., KAKIZAKI, A., Chikazawa, S., Kon, A., & Nakamura, T. (2012) · Suizo · doi:10.2958/suizo.27.139
Maladies du pancréas exocrine et diabète
Larger, É., & Lemoine, A. (2013)
Pancreatogenic diabetes: etiology, implications, and management
Andersen, D. K. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118924907.ch14c
Self-citationRashid, S. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2579-2_22
Pathophysiology of pancreatic cancer
Löhr, M. J., Haas, S., & Heuchel, R. L. (2011) · doi:10.2217/ebo.11.252
(2011) · Current Opinion in Oncology · doi:10.1097/cco.0b013e32834f4ea3
Otsuki, M. (2012) · Suizo · doi:10.2958/suizo.27.93
The Increased Risk of Cancer in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Potential Mechanisms
Gallagher, E. J., Neel, B. A., Antoniou, I. M., & LeRoith, D. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20797-1_36-1
Жердева, Н. Н., & Mankovsky, B. (2018) · American Diabetes Association eBooks · doi:10.2337/9781580406666.case31
Liu, K., Wang, W., Liu, Y., Li, J., Ma, C., Tian, Y., Dong, Z., Zhu, L., Wei, W., Ren, M., et al. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000041529
(2018) · American Diabetes Association eBooks · doi:10.2337/9781580406666.partii-ii
Etude de la reprogrammation métabolique de l' adénocarcinome canalaire pancréatique
Olivares, O. (2015) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/ef2c6a2czab6dz4a68z8004z1ade8605dadc
Duconseil, P. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d5d8f2c6z9767z4f2fzb527zcdd6fa12bcbf
Postoperative blood glucose levels: A predictor of poor survival in resected pancreatic cancer
Liu, Y., Liao, Y., xiao, Z., Li, Y., Zhang, N., Shi, Y., Song, Y., Wang, X., Ni, Q., Pawlik, T. M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Pancreatology · doi:10.1097/jp9.0000000000000264
Metadata
- Authors
- Magruder, J. T., Elahi, D., & Andersen, D. K.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Magruder, J. Trent
- Elahi, Dariush
- Andersen, Dana K.
- Venue
- Pancreas
- Published
- 2011-04
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 339-351
- ISSN
- 0885-3177 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2314910395
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 1.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pancreas (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Pancreatic and Hepatic Oncology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
- Keywords
- pancreatic cancer, diabetes mellitus, type 3 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes, cancer risk, recent-onset diabetes, metformin, obesity, morbid obesity, diabetes treatment, pancreatic cancer incidence
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Glucose, Humans, Male, Metformin, Pancreatic Neoplasms, Risk Factors, Biomarkers, Tumor, United States, Causality, Case-Control Studies, Diabetes Complications, Islet Amyloid Polypeptide
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
