PI3King the Lock: Targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy in Neuroblastoma
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial cancer in childhood. High-risk neuroblastoma continues to have a poor prognosis and there is an urgent need to design biologically based therapies that specifically target the pathways responsible for malignant transformation and progression. One such pathway is the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. In this article we outline the evidence for aberrant activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in neuroblastoma and discuss the possible mechanisms which mediate it. We also discuss the development of treatments targeting this pathway in neuroblastoma and the challenges that must be overcome before such treatments can enter routine clinical practice.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
ROS are known to hyperactivate PI3K/Akt/mTOR, an intracellular pathway playing an important role in cell cycle regulation, specifically proliferation, cancer, and longevity.
“ROS are known to hyperactivate PI3K/Akt/mTOR (Phosphoinositide 3-Kinases/Protein kinase B/mammalian Target Of Rapamycin), an intracellular pathway playing an important role in cell cycle regulation, specifically proliferation, cancer, and longevity (King et al. 2015).”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as King et al. 2015
Cites
Neuroblastoma: biological insights into a clinical enigma. Nat Rev Cancer.
Brodeur (2003)
UnresolvedDevelopment of treatment strategies for advanced neuroblastoma. Int J Clin Oncol.
Hara (2012)
Unresolved. The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) classification system: an INRG Task Force report. J Clin Oncol.
Cohn (2009)
Unresolved. Association of phosphatidylinositol kinase activity with polyoma middle-T competent for transformation. Nature.
Whitman (1985)
UnresolvedPI3K signalling: the path to discovery and understanding. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol.
Vanhaesebroeck (2012)
Unresolved. Dissecting the PI3K signaling axis in pediatric solid tumors: novel targets for clinical integration. Front Oncol.
Loh (2013)
UnresolvedOvercoming acquired resistance to anticancer therapy: focus on the PI3KAKTmTOR pathway. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol.
Burris (2013)
Unresolved. N-myc is a novel regulator of PI3K-mediated VEGF expression in neuroblastoma. Oncogene.
Kang (2008)
Unresolved. Activation of Akt predicts poor outcome in neuroblastoma. Cancer Res.
Opel (2007)
Unresolved. Inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin downregulate MYCN protein expression and inhibit neuroblastoma growth in vitro and in vivo. Oncogene.
Johnsen (2008)
Unresolved. Analysis of PI3KAKTmTOR signalling pathway in high risk neuroblastic tumours. Pol J Pathol.
Izycka-Swieszewska (2010)
Unresolved. Mutations in PIK3CA are infrequent in neuroblastoma. BMC Cancer.
Dam (2006)
Unresolved. Oncogene mutation profiling of pediatric solid tumors reveals significant subsets of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma with mutated genes in growth signaling pathways. Clin Cancer Res.
Shukla (2012)
Unresolved. Homozygous deletion and expression of PTEN and DMBT1 in human primary neuroblastoma and cell lines. Int J Cancer.
Munoz (2004)
Unresolved. The ALK(F1174L) mutation potentiates the oncogenic activity of MYCN in neuroblastoma. Cancer Cell.
Berry (2012)
Unresolved. Oncogenic mutations of ALK kinase in neuroblastoma. Nature.
Chen (2008)
Unresolved. Genetic and pharmacologic identification of Akt as a mediator of brain-derived neurotrophic factorTrkB rescue of neuroblastoma cells from chemotherapy-induced cell death. Cancer Res.
Li (2005)
Unresolved. Inhibition of insulin-like growth factor I receptor expression in neuroblastoma cells induces the regression of established tumors in mice. Cancer Res.
Liu (1998)
Unresolved. Proliferation of human neuroblastomas mediated by the epidermal growth factor receptor. Cancer Res.
Ho (2005)
Unresolved. Increased sensitivity to the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor inhibitor STI571 in chemoresistant glioma cells is associated with enhanced PDGF-BB-mediated signaling and STI571-induced Akt inactivation. J Cell Physiol.
Servidei (2006)
UnresolvedPI3King on MYCN to improve neuroblastoma therapeutics. Cancer Cell.
Hogarty (2012)
Unresolved. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase destabilizes Mycn protein and blocks malignant progression in neuroblastoma. Cancer Res.
Chesler (2006)
Unresolved. Paracrine signaling through MYCN enhances tumor-vascular interactions in neuroblastoma. Sci Transl Med.
Chanthery (2012)
Unresolved. Stabilization of N-Myc is a critical function of aurora A in human neuroblastoma. Cancer Cell.
Otto (2009)
UnresolvedInsulin-like growth factor-I signaling in human neuroblastoma cells. Oncogene.
Kim (2004)
Unresolved. An anti-insulin-like growth factor I receptor antibody that is a potent inhibitor of cancer cell proliferation. Cancer Res.
Maloney (2003)
Unresolved. Initial testing (stage 1) of a monoclonal antibody (SCH 717454) against the IGF-1 receptor by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer.
Kolb (2008)
Unresolved. Novel agents targeting the IGF-1RPI3K pathway impair cell proliferation and survival in subsets of medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma. PLoS One.
Wojtalla (2012)
Unresolved. Protein kinase B modulates the sensitivity of human neuroblastoma cells to insulin-like growth factor receptor inhibition. Int J Cancer.
Guerreiro (2006)
Unresolved. Down-regulation of insulin-like growth factor I receptor activity by NVP-AEW541 has an antitumor effect on neuroblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Clin Cancer Res.
Tanno (2006)
Unresolved. Safety and activity of crizotinib for paediatric patients with refractory solid tumours or anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: a Childrens Oncology Group phase 1 consortium study. Lancet Oncol.
Mosse (2013)
Unresolved. Molecular rationale for the use of PI3KAKTmTOR pathway inhibitors in combination with crizotinib in ALK-mutated neuroblastoma. Oncotarget.
Moore (2014)
Unresolved. Identification of NVP-BKM120 as a potent, selective, orally bioavailable class I PI3 kinase inhibitor for treating cancer. ACS Med Chem Lett.
Burger (2011)
Unresolved. A dual PI3 kinasemTOR inhibitor reveals emergent efficacy in glioma. Cancer Cell.
Fan (2006)
Unresolved. Identification and characterization of NVP-BEZ235, a new orally available dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinasemammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor with potent in vivo antitumor activity. Mol Cancer Ther.
Maira (2008)
Unresolved. Sequential dosing in chemosensitization: targeting the PI3KAktmTOR pathway in neuroblastoma. PLoS One.
Westhoff (2013)
Unresolved. PI3K inhibitors prime neuroblastoma cells for chemotherapy by shifting the balance towards pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins and enhanced mitochondrial apoptosis. Oncogene.
Bender (2011)
Unresolved. Effects of small molecule inhibitors of PI3KAktmTOR signaling on neuroblastoma growth in vitro and in vivo. Int J Cancer.
Segerstrom (2011)
Unresolved. Targeting aberrant PI3KAkt activation by PI103 restores sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma. Clin Cancer Res.
Opel (2011)
Unresolved. Development of PI3K inhibitors: lessons learned from early clinical trials. Nat Rev Clin Oncol.
Rodon (2013)
Unresolved. Comprehensive preclinical testing for neuroblastoma using orthotopic xenografts of a patient tumor. J Clin Oncol.
Federico (2012)
Unresolved. In vitro and in vivo inhibition of neuroblastoma tumor cell growth by AKT inhibitor perifosine. J Natl Cancer Inst.
Li (2010)
UnresolvedRapamycin and mTOR: a serendipitous discovery and implications for breast cancer. Clin Transl Med.
Seto (2012)
Unresolved. Initial testing (stage 1) of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer.
Houghton (2008)
UnresolvedDifferential regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor by Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors in cell lines derived from childhood solid tumors. Mol Cancer Ther.
Kurmasheva (2007)
Unresolved. Phase I study of everolimus in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors. J Clin Oncol.
Fouladi (2007)
Unresolved. A phase I trial to determine the safety, tolerability, and maximum tolerated dose of deforolimus in patients with advanced malignancies. Clin Cancer Res.
Hartford (2009)
Unresolved. Phase I study of temsirolimus in pediatric patients with recurrentrefractory solid tumors. J Clin Oncol.
Spunt (2011)
Unresolved. Phase II trial of temsirolimus in children with high-grade glioma, neuroblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. Eur J Cancer.
Geoerger (2012)
Unresolved. Targeting PI3KAKTmTOR pathway in non small cell lung cancer. Biochem Pharmacol.
Fumarola (2014)
Unresolved. mTOR ATP-competitive inhibitor INK128 inhibits neuroblastoma growth via blocking mTORC signaling. Apoptosis.
Zhang (2015)
Unresolved. Emergence of new ALK mutations at relapse of neuroblastoma. J Clin Oncol.
Schleiermacher (2014)
Unresolved
Flagged first, then by citations
52 of the 52 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging
Jomova, K., Raptova, R., Alomar, S. Y., Alwasel, S. H., Nepovimova, E., Kuca, K., & Valko, M. (2023) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-023-03562-9 · Cited by 2,638 · see citing works
Tewari, D., Patni, P., Bishayee, A., Sah, A. N., & Bishayee, A. (2019) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.12.008 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
The role of TGF-β/SMAD4 signaling in cancer
Zhao, M., Mishra, L., & Deng, C.-X. (2018) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.23230 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
“(PIP3), which then phosphorylates and activates AKT, and makes it localize on the plasma membrane [46].”
BackgroundEpithelial-mesenchymal transition in tissue repair and fibrosis
Stone, R. C., Pastar, I., Ojeh, N. O., Chen, V., Liu, S., Garzon, K. I., & Tomic‐Canic, M. (2016) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-016-2464-0 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
“Additionally, the c-Met-PI3K/ AKT pathway influences the cell cycle, proliferation, and quiescence (King et al. 2015), and PI3K-activated mTORC2 is one of the driving factors for the phenotypic transition in EMT, whereas mTORC1 encourages cell growth and movement (Lamouille et al. 2012; Lamouille…”
BackgroundPI3K/Akt signaling transduction pathway, erythropoiesis and glycolysis in hypoxia (Review)
Xie, Y., Shi, X., Sheng, K., Han, G., Li, W., Zhao, Q., Jiang, B., Feng, J., Li, J., & Gu, Y. (2018) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2018.9713 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Cell-cell communication: New insights and clinical implications
Su, J., Song, Y., Zhu, Z., Huang, X., Fan, J., Qiao, J., & Mao, F. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01888-z · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Molecular targeting therapies for neuroblastoma: Progress and challenges
Zafar, A., Wang, W., Liu, G., Wang, X., Xian, W., McKeon, F., Foster, J. H., Zhou, J., & Zhang, R. (2020) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.21750 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
“For example, the PI3/Akt/mTOR pathway contributes to MYCN stabilization, and MYCN, in turn, contributes to several processes associated with malignancy, such as proliferation, angiogenesis, and altering metabolic programming.(87,88) A study by Chesler et al.”
BackgroundDual or multi-targeting inhibitors: The next generation anticancer agents
Raghavendra, N. M., Pingili, D., Kadasi, S., Mettu, A., & Prasad, S. V. U. M. (2018) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.10.021 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Sadiq, I. Z. (2021) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/1566524022666211222161637 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Molecular Mechanisms of Action of FSH
Casarini, L., & Crépieux, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00305 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Feng, F., & Qiu, H. (2018) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.142 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
RetractedRoy, T., Boateng, S. T., Uddin, M. B., Banang‐Mbeumi, S., Yadav, R. K., Bock, C. R., Folahan, J. T., Siwe‐Noundou, X., Walker, A. L., King, J. A. C., et al. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12121671 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Li, Y., Wang, Q., Chen, Z., Li, X., Wu, Z., Hu, C., Liao, D., Zhang, W., & Chen, Z.-S. (2020) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-019-1112-1 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Tang, Y., Wang, D., Wang, Y., Huang, A., & Xu, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1073971 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Neuroblastoma treatment in the post-genomic era
Esposito, M. R., Aveic, S., Seydel, A., & Tonini, G. P. (2017) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-017-0319-y · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Targeting autophagy enhances the anticancer effect of artemisinin and its derivatives
Sun, X., Yan, P., Zou, C., Wong, Y., Shu, Y., Lee, Y. M., Zhang, C., Yang, N., Wang, J., & Zhang, J. (2019) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.21580 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“PI3K can phosphorylate and activate AKT, localizing it to the plasma membrane.(61) Phosphorylated AKT further activates downstream mTOR through the transcriptional regulation of S6K1 (p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase) or 4E‐BP1 (eIF4E binding protein 1).”
BackgroundThe role of PI3k/AKT signaling pathway in attenuating liver fibrosis: a comprehensive review
Shamsan, E., Almezgagi, M., Gamah, M., Khan, N., Qasem, A., Chuanchuan, L., & Haining, F. (2024) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1389329 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Rapamycin inhibits proliferation and induces autophagy in human neuroblastoma cells
Lin, X., Han, L., Weng, J., Wang, K., & Chen, T. (2018) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20181822 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Bathina, S., & Das, U. N. (2018) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-018-0809-2 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Targeting PI3K/Akt signaling in prostate cancer therapy
Hashemi, M., Taheriazam, A., Daneii, P., Hassanpour, A., Kakavand, A., Rezaei, S., Hejazi, E. S., Aboutalebi, M., Gholamrezaie, H., Saebfar, H., et al. (2022) · Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1007/s12079-022-00702-1 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Targeted Therapies in Cholangiocarcinoma: Emerging Evidence from Clinical Trials
Simile, M. M., Bagella, P., Vidili, G., et al. (2019) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina55020042 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“PI3K activation phosphorylates AKT, which translocates to the plasma membrane and produces a series of downstream effects, including activation of mTOR, which in turn exerts some of the most relevant transcriptional functions of the pathway [73].”
BackgroundTian, X., Zhou, D., Chen, L., Tian, Y., Zhong, B., Cao, Y., Dong, Q., Zhou, M., Yan, J. Y., Wang, Y., et al. (2018) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-017-0088-2 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Ghafouri‐Fard, S., Abak, A., Anamag, F. T., et al. (2021) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111279 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Mlakar, V., Morel, E., Mlakar, S. J., Ansari, M., & Gumy‐Pause, F. (2021) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-021-01967-x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“It was demonstrated that pathways could interact either through mutual inhibition or activation and that they were instrumental in the progressive adaptations to activating RAS-MAPK mutations, which cause significant oncogenic stress [131].”
BackgroundWang, S., Wang, C., Chang, L.-M., Zhou, K., Wang, J.-W., Ke, Y., Yang, D., Shi, H., Wang, R., Shi, X., et al. (2016) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.12166 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Active PI3K mediates phosphorylation of Akt on Thr 308 in the catalytic domain and Ser 473 in the regulatory domain, which leads to partial and full activation of Akt, respectively [24].”
BackgroundDiscovery and repurposing of artemisinin
Shi, Q., Xia, F., Wang, Q., Liao, F., Guo, Q., Xu, C., & Wang, J. (2022) · Frontiers of Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11684-021-0898-6 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Since then, growing evidence has indicated that artemisinin and its derivatives exert selective cytotoxicity towards a wide range of cancers [21,22].”
BackgroundYe, Y., Zhong, W., Sun, P., et al. (2017) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.12.051 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Qin, Y., Huo, Z., Song, X., Chen, X., Tian, X., & Wang, X.-J. (2017) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2017.7715 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Phytochemicals and PI3K Inhibitors in Cancer—An Insight
Suvarna, V., Murahari, M., Khan, T. A., Chaubey, P., & Sangave, P. C. (2017) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00916 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“…in Pharmacology | www.frontiersin.org 10 December 2017 | Volume 8 | Article 916 pathway, with production of ROS and inactivating the PI3K/Akt signal pathway (Sandler et al., 1997; Lee et al., 2002; Kim et al., 2010; Morgan and Liu, 2011; Zhong et al., 2013; King et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSingh, V., Kumar, K., Purohit, D., Verma, R., Pandey, P., Bhatia, S., Malik, V., Mittal, V., Rahman, M. H., Albadrani, G. M., et al. (2021) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111584 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The role of formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) in neuroblastoma tumorigenesis
Snapkov, I., Öqvist, C. O., Figenschau, Y., et al. (2016) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2545-1 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“There is a large body of evidence that the PI3K/Akt/ mTOR pathway plays an important role in the development and progression of NB (reviewed in [30]).”
BackgroundPark, S., Lee, J., Lim, W., You, S., & Song, G. (2019) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02899 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Bahmad, H. F., Mouhieddine, T. H., Chalhoub, R., Assi, S., Araji, T., Chamaa, F., Itani, M. M., Nokkari, A., Kobeissy, F. H., Daoud, G., et al. (2018) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.26088 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“The targeted pathway has been shown to be aberrantly activated in both Glioblastoma [9] and Neuroblastoma [10] primary human samples, remarkably showing an increase in the levels of phosphorylated Akt in the cytoplasm of the malignant cells.”
BackgroundInfluentialSubramonian, D., Phanhthilath, N., Rinehardt, H., Flynn, S. M., Huo, Y., Zhang, J., Messer, K. S., Mo, Q., Huang, S., Lesperance, J., et al. (2020) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41416-020-0905-8 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Recent advances with 5‐HT3 modulators for neuropsychiatric and gastrointestinal disorders
Jůza, R., Vlček, P., Mezeiová, E., Musílek, K., Soukup, O., & Korábečný, J. (2020) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.21666 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Regulation of Cancer Metabolism by Deubiquitinating Enzymes: The Warburg Effect
Kim, S., & Baek, K. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22126173 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“PI3K phosphorylates and activates AKT located on the cell membrane [23].”
BackgroundDumbuya, J. S., Chen, L., Wu, J., & Bin, W. (2021) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-021-02084-4 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Anti-cancer and Sensibilisation Effect of Triptolide on Human Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Hu, H., Luo, L., Liu, F., Zou, D., Zhu, S., Tan, B., & Chen, T. (2016) · Journal of Cancer · doi:10.7150/jca.16178 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“The PI3K/Akt pathway is an intracellular signaling pathway that is important in regulating the cell cycle, and it is therefore directly related to cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, survival, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and tumourigenesis [18, 19].”
BackgroundDifferential Binding of Three Major Human ADAR Isoforms to Coding and Long Non-Coding Transcripts
Galipon, J., Ishii, R., Suzuki, Y., et al. (2017) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes8020068 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“This included the up-regulation of two major phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)-Akt signaling pathway elements, cell division cycle 37 (CDC37) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)C2 (CRTC2), which are known to activate the RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase AKT by phosphorylation [30].”
BackgroundChao-Ming, S., Wu, C., Wu, W., et al. (2017) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2017.08.009 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Liu, X., Tan, X., Liu, P., Wu, Y., Qian, S., & Zhang, X. (2018) · Oncology Research Featuring Preclinical and Clinical Cancer Therapeutics · doi:10.3727/096504018x15166223632406 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Epigenetic Regulation of Cancer Stem Cells by the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway
Akhtar, S., Hourani, S., Therachiyil, L., Al‐Dhfyan, A., Agouni, A., Zeidan, A., Shahab Uddin, M. S., & Korashy, H. M. (2020) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.08.014 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Tümmler, C., Snapkov, I., Wickström, M., Moens, U. L., Ljungblad, L. M., Elfman, L. H. M., Winberg, J., Kogner, P., Johnsen, J. I., & Sveinbjørnsson, B. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.19619 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Yadav, R. R., Guru, S. K., Joshi, P., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.006 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Long and the Short of PTEN in the Regulation of Mitophagy
Wang, L., Lu, G. X., & Shen, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00299 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Zhou, Y., Gu, P., Li, J., Li, F., Zhu, J., Gao, P., Zang, Y., Wang, Y., Shan, Y., & Yang, D. (2017) · Oncology Reports · doi:10.3892/or.2017.5961 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“It has been demonstrated that activation of Akt promotes migration of tumor cells (12-14).”
BackgroundLuan, Y., Chen, M., & Zhou, L. (2016) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.09.017 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Contaldo, M., Boccellino, M., Zannini, G., Romano, A., Sciarra, A., Sacco, A., Settembre, G., Coppola, M., Carlo, A. D., D’Angelo, L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Oncology · doi:10.1155/2020/9587971 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Sarcopenic Obesity: Involvement of Oxidative Stress and Beneficial Role of Antioxidant Flavonoids
Jung, U. J. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12051063 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“The activation of PI3K phosphorylates and activates AKT, which regulates several downstream molecules, including mTOR [96].”
BackgroundZhu, C., Yin, Z., Tan, B., & Guo, W. (2017) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.023 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Since PI3K is the major mode of Akt activation [30], we also tested Akt phosphorylation with western blot, and observed increased Akt phosphorylation with insulin treatment and diminished Akt phosphorylation with LY294002 treatment in NRCMs (Fig.”
Qiao, X., Gai, H., Su, R., Deji, C., Cui, J., Lai, J., & Zhu, Y. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.039 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The role of hypoxic microenvironment in autoimmune diseases
Gong, X., Yang, S.-Y., Wang, Z.-Y., & Tang, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1435306 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Ming, Y., Fu, X., Niu, Y., Lin, Q., Liang, H., Luo, X., Liu, L., & Li, N. (2021) · Fish & Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.046 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Icaritin: A Novel Natural Candidate for Hematological Malignancies Therapy
Yang, X., Xi, Y.-M., & Li, Z. (2019) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2019/4860268 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Through phosphorylation, PI3KAKT is activated, and the downstream effector participates in regulating tumor cell proliferation, growth, survival, and angiogenesis [57, 58].”
BackgroundEl-Deeb, N. K., El-Tanbouly, D. M., Khattab, M. A., El-Yamany, M. F., & Mohamed, A. F. (2022) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109191 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in lung cancer: mechanisms and therapeutic targeting
Qiang, M., Chen, Z., Liu, H., Dong, J., Gong, K., Zhang, X., Huo, P., Zhu, J., Shao, Y., Ma, J., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1516583 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Ortega, M. A., Asúnsolo, Á., Leal, J., Romero, B., Álvarez-Rocha, M. J., Sáinz, F., Álvarez‐Mon, M., Buján, J., & García‐Honduvilla, N. (2018) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2018/1495170 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Therefore, it is directly related to cellular quiescence, proliferation, cancer, and longevity [14, 15].”
BackgroundDiabetic phenotype in mouse and humans reduces the number of microglia around β-amyloid plaques
Natunen, T., Martiskainen, H., Marttinen, M., Gabbouj, S., Koivisto, H., Kemppainen, S., Kaipainen, S., Takalo, M., Svobodová, H., Leppänen, L., et al. (2020) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-020-00415-2 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Alterations of PI3K-Akt signaling are known to affect multiple cellular functions, such as autophagy, metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, and growth [101].”
BackgroundGoya, L., & Mateos, R. (2024) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuae066 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“114,115 Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), a 113-kDa nuclear protein, is associated with a number of cellular functions, such as DNA repair, transcriptional and post-transcriptional modulation of gene expression, inflammation, and regulation of cell death.”
Liao, H., Huang, J., Lan, T., Wang, J., Zhu, B., Yuan, K., & Zeng, Y. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-23647-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Moody, T. W., Lee, L., Ramos-Álvarez, I., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.728088 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Gonçalves, M., Aiello, A., Rodríguez-Pérez, M., Accardi, G., Burgos‐Ramos, E., & Silva, P. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16060818 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“While the exact mechanisms that activate this pathway in NB are not yet clear, evidence suggests that ALK mutations might be the answer in certain NBs, as well as some tyrosine kinase receptors and their ligands [55,56].”
BackgroundCytochrome c and cancer cell metabolism: A new perspective
Alshehri, B. (2024) · Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102194 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“3 ) , a significant signaling molecule that instigates the Warburg phenomenon in cancerous cells (King et al., 2015).”
Zhao, H., Wang, Y., & Ren, X. (2019) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20182443 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Wu, R., Dong, S., Cai, F., et al. (2019) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules24020338 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“PI3K activates Akt to affect BAX, NF-κB and mTOR, which leads to indirectly or directly promoting the proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis [33].”
BackgroundXu, Z., Liu, X., & Zhuang, D. (2021) · Biochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1139/bcb-2021-0275 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Silicosis: from pathogenesis to therapeutics
Bi-jun, Y., Liu, X., Peng, C., Meng, X., & Jia, Q. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1516200 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“A recent study has shown that EMT, a direct contributor to the fi broblasts transforming into myo fi broblasts (Li et al., 2016), is considered the main effector cells in silicosis (Li S. et al., 2019).”
InfluentialTargeting P-selectin blocks neuroblastoma growth
Nolo, R. M., Herbrich, S. M., Rao, A. U. K., Zweidler‐McKay, P. A., Kannan, S., & Gopalakrishnan, V. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.21364 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Results from Phase-1 trials of AKT inhibitor perifosine, which also inhibits ERK and JNK signaling pathways, have not yet been published [41, 45].”
Soleimani, A., Rahmani, F., Ferns, G. A., Ryzhikov, M., Avan, A., & Hassanian, S. M. (2019) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612825666190110151957 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Inhibition of AKT enhances the anti-cancer effects of Artemisinin in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Yu, C., Sun, P., Zhou, Y., et al. (2019) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109383 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Kim, J. J., Shin, J. Y., Choi, Y.-H., Lee, S. Y., Jin, M. H., Kim, C. D., Kang, N. G., & Lee, S. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22115571 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The phosphorylation of Gsk3b-S9 depends on PKA and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways [50] and the Gsk3b-S9 phosphorylation inhibits Gsk3b activity, inhibiting the degradation of β-catenin and activating the Wnt signaling [34].”
BackgroundNeuronal microRNA regulation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Juźwik, C. A., Drake, S. S., Lécuyer, M.-A., Johnson, R. M., Morquette, B., Zhang, Y., Charabati, M., Sagan, S., Bar-Or, A., Prat, A., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31542-y · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sun, L., Jin, X., Xie, L., et al. (2019) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-019-5425-7 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
RetractedCombining thioridazine and loratadine for the treatment of gastrointestinal tumor
Chen, T., Hu, Y., Liu, B., et al. (2017) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2017.6815 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Anti-tumor effect of AZD8055 against neuroblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo
Xu, D., Toyoda, H., Yuan, X., et al. (2018) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.02.032 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Protein tyrosine phosphatases: promising targets in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Ruckert, M. T., de Andrade, P. V., Santos, V. S., & Silveira, V. S. (2019) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-019-03095-4 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Nunes, H. L., Tuttis, K., Serpeloni, J. M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287394.2020.1784339 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“The AKT protein, which is involved in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR metabolic pathway, regulates quiescence, proliferation, and cell longevity (King, Yeomanson, and Bryant 2015) and its activity was significantly reduced in PC-3 cells after treatment with BrA and BrB.”
BackgroundMicroRNAs as the critical regulators of tyrosine kinase inhibitors resistance in lung tumor cells
Maharati, A., Zangouei, A. S., Khalili‐Tanha, G., & Moghbeli, M. (2022) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-022-00840-4 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A sketch of known and novel MYCN-associated miRNA networks in neuroblastoma
Megiorni, F., Colaiacovo, M., Cialfi, S., McDowell, H. P., Guffanti, A., Camero, S., Felsani, A., Losty, P. D., Pizer, B. L., Shukla, R., et al. (2017) · Oncology Reports · doi:10.3892/or.2017.5701 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“8C, are correlated with the mTOR signalling cascade, outlining the evidence for the aberrant activation of this pathway in NB (77-79).”
BackgroundLampis, S., Raieli, S., Montemurro, L., et al. (2022) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-022-02367-5 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Giacoppo, S., Iori, R., Rollin, P., et al. (2017) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1876-z · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“B)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, one of the most potent pro-survival pathway, is involved in NBL progression and correlated also with poor prognosis [37, 38].”
BackgroundRetractedHe, D., Sun, X., Yang, H., et al. (2018) · Journal of Cancer · doi:10.7150/jca.26374 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“PI3K activation phosphorylates Akt, which localizes in the plasma membrane [21].”
Szumlinski, K. K., Ary, A. W., Shin, C., Wroten, M. G., Courson, J. A., Miller, B. W., Ruppert‐Majer, M. A., Hiller, J. W., Shahin, J. R., Ben‐Shahar, O., et al. (2018) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12696 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Cui, W., Ma, A., & Wang, X. (2020) · Aquaculture Research · doi:10.1111/are.14607 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Fang, Y., Ma, M., Wang, J., Liu, X., & Wang, Y. (2017) · Tumor Biology · doi:10.1177/1010428317705850 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Emerging Trends in Neuroblastoma Diagnosis, Therapeutics, and Research
Sharma, R., Yadav, J., Bhat, S. A., Musayev, A., Myrzagulova, S., Sharma, D., Padha, N., Saini, M., Tuli, H. S., & Singh, T. (2025) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-024-04680-w · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Yang, Z., Pu, M., Dong, X., Ji, F., Veeraraghavan, V. P., & Yang, H. (2020) · Arabian Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.03.028 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
HnRNP-F promotes the proliferation of bladder cancer cells mediated by PI3K/AKT/FOXO1
Li, F., Xie, W., Fang, Y., Xie, K., Liu, W., Hou, L., & Tan, W. (2020) · Journal of Cancer · doi:10.7150/jca.50490 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“roles in various cancers in an extensive range of cellular regulatory processes, such as cell proliferation, invasion, migration and metabolism [5, 6].”
BackgroundMehrjardi, N. Z., Hänggi, D., & Kahlert, U. D. (2020) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-020-03196-0 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Serban, F., Daianu, O., Tătăranu, L. G., Artene, Ş.-A., Emami, G., Georgescu, A. M., Alexandru, O., Purcaru, Ş. O., Tache, D. E., Dănciulescu, M. M., et al. (2016) · Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry · doi:10.1080/15321819.2016.1209217 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“One of the most fundamental cellular signaling pathways intensely studied and explored in cancer biology is the PI3K/AKT/mTOR (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase-B/mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway, considered a central regulation point in growth factor receptor signaling.([16]) In tumorigenesis, PI3K/A…”
BackgroundDysbindin promotes progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma via direct activation of PI3K
Fang, C., Guo, X., Lv, X., et al. (2017) · Journal of Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjx043 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“D ow nloaded from https://academ ic.oup.com /jm cb/article-abstract/9/6/504/4356861 by guest on 15 M arch 2020 PI3K can phosphorylate and activate AKT by recruiting AKT to the plasma membrane (King et al., 2015).”
BackgroundRen, Z., Wang, X., Xu, M., Frank, J. A., & Luo, J. (2018) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.12.002 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Huang, G., Hu, H., Zhang, Y., Zhu, Y., Liu, J., Tan, B., & Chen, T. (2019) · Journal of Cancer · doi:10.7150/jca.30669 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Hasan, S., Mahmud, Z., Hossain, M., & Islam, S. (2024) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-024-09996-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Interestingly, the activation of mTORC1 itself is influenced by Ras-related GTP binding (RAG) GTPases, which are stimulated by amino acids and recruit MAPK and mTOR activators [70].”
Neurotoxicity of local anesthetics in dentistry
Kim, E.-J., Kim, H. Y., & Ahn, J.-H. (2020) · Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine · doi:10.17245/jdapm.2020.20.2.55 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The activation of PI3K phosphorylates and activates serinethreonine protein kinase B (Akt), an enzyme for protection from apoptosis [41,42].”
BackgroundAssociation of a genetic variant in AKT1 gene with features of the metabolic syndrome
Eshaghi, F. S., Ghazizadeh, H., Kazami-Nooreini, S., Timar, A., Esmaeily, H., Mehramiz, M., Avan, A., & Ghayour‐Mobarhan, M. (2019) · Genes & Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2019.03.002 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Protein kinase B (PKB, also known as AKT) is activated by phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) via phosphorylation.(10) Protein kinase B plays an important role in several cell processes, that include: regulation of metabolism, cell survival, motility, transcription and cellcycle progression.”
BackgroundWaetzig, R., Matthes, M., Leister, J., Penkivech, G., Heise, T., Corbacioglu, S., & Sommer, G. (2020) · International Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijms.48393 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“This new drug class potently inhibits both mTOR complexes and consequently may prevent AKT feedback activation [32].”
BackgroundMazurek, M., Grochowski, C., Litak, J., Osuchowska, I., Maciejewski, R., & Kamieniak, P. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21093046 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Kim, J. J., Shin, J. Y., Choi, Y.-H., Kang, N. G., & Lee, S. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27072184 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Since the phosphorylation of Gsk3β-S9 was reported to depend on the PKA and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways [50], we examined the effects of various inhibitors for adenosine receptors (ZM241385 and PBS603), MAP kinases (KH7, H89, LY294002), and IWR-1 on Wnt reporter activities.”
BackgroundKhan, M. I., Momeny, M., Ostadhadi, S., et al. (2017) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.12.002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“PI3K activate a lot of downstream effectors including plasma membrane localized protein kinase B (Akt) (King et al., 2015).”
- Authors
- King, D., Yeomanson, D., & Bryant, H. E.
- Affiliations
- Sheffield Children's Hospital (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
- Published
- 2015-05
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 245-251
- ISSN
- 1077-4114 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1974245465
- Cited by
- 248
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 11
- FWCI
- 2.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neuroblastoma Research and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurofibromatosis and Schwannoma Cases
- Keywords
- neuroblastoma, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, high-risk neuroblastoma, PI3K inhibitors, AKT inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, targeted therapy, childhood cancer
- MeSH terms
- Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1, Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2, Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors, Animals, Humans, Neuroblastoma, Signal Transduction, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases, Multiprotein Complexes, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review