The cost of comorbid depression and pain for individuals diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder.
Abstract
Patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) often have comorbid medical and psychiatric disorders and may incur higher costs. In this study, a total of 36,435 GAD patients aged 18 to 64 were identified from a claims database. Patient's total health care and component costs were compared between GAD patients with and without comorbid depression and pain using general linear models. The average total annual cost for all the GAD patients in the study was $7451. Compared with patients with GAD-only, the estimated total cost was $762 higher for GAD with depression (p < 0.001), $2989 higher for GAD with pain (p < 0.001), and $6073 higher for GAD with both depression and pain (p < 0.001). Comorbid depression and pain had significant impact on costs, especially those with pain or with both depression and pain. This suggests that an optimal strategy for GAD should take into account comorbid pain and depression.
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Comorbidity between GAD and depression is very high, especially in primary care settings, and is associated with greater chronicity, recurrence rates, health costs, and psychological disability.
“The comorbidity between GAD and depression is very high, especially in primary care settings, and has been associated with greater chronicity, recurrence rates, health costs, and psychological disability (Hirschfeld, 2001; Wittchen, 2002; Zhu et al., 2009; Klenk et al., 2011).”
From A Multiple-Baseline Evaluation of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Focused on Repetitive Negative Thinking for Comorbid Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Depression (2020) · cites this paper as Zhu et al., 2009
Cites
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Self-citationPMH5 ECONOMIC BURDEN OF GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER (GAD) AND OTHER ANXIETY DISORDERS
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Katzman, M. A., Bleau, P., Blier, P., Chokka, P., Kjernisted, K., Van Ameringen, M., & the Canadian Anxiety Guidelines Initiative Group on behalf of the Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada/Association Canadienne des troubles anxieux and McGill University (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-s1-s1 · Cited by 1,090 · see citing works
“GAD is associated with functional [15,511,513], occupational [511], and QoL impairments [16,511], as well as substantial economic costs [511,514].”
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“The comorbidity between GAD and depression is very high, especially in primary care settings, and has been associated with greater chronicity, recurrence rates, health costs, and psychological disability (Hirschfeld, 2001; Wittchen, 2002; Zhu et al., 2009; Klenk et al., 2011).”
- Authors
- Zhu, B., Zhao, Z., Ye, W., Marciniak, M. D., & Swindle, R.
- Affiliations
- Eli Lilly (United States) (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease
- Published
- 2009-02
- Volume
- 197
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 136-139
- ISSN
- 0022-3018 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2073525744
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Keywords
- generalized anxiety disorder, comorbid depression, chronic pain, health care costs, psychiatric comorbidity, comorbidities
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Health Resources, Humans, Insurance Claim Review, Male, Middle Aged, Pain, Retrospective Studies, United States, Utilization Review, Comorbidity, Multivariate Analysis, Chi-Square Distribution, Drug Costs, Health Care Costs, Young Adult
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