The cognitive profile of children with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Long-term neuropsychological and cognitive outcomes in patients with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis have proven difficult to evaluate objectively because of methodologic problems with published studies based on their small and biased samples of patients, wide age ranges, and testing with unacceptable psychometric properties. This study evaluated the Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient and its subscales in a cohort with a small selection bias. METHODS: Patients aged 7 to 16 years, born with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis and surgically treated, were tested using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition. Ninety-one patients were invited, and 73 patients were tested. RESULTS: There was no difference in Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient score between patients who had undergone operations for sagittal synostosis or metopic synostosis and norms provided by the test. Patients operated on for sagittal synostosis showed a significantly higher perceptual reasoning intelligence quotient, but also significantly lower working-memory intelligence quotient and processing-speed intelligence quotient compared with the norms. Patients operated on for metopic synostosis showed no differences in any intelligence quotient index compared with the norm. In addition, attrition analysis showed no differences in background factors between responders and nonresponders. CONCLUSIONS: These results derived from a group of patients with uniform age range, and tested using an established tool, revealed that nonsyndromic children having undergone surgery for craniosynostosis exhibited average intellectual ability. However, the analysis indicated possible issues with working memory and processing speed in patients operated on for sagittal synostosis, highlighting impairments potentially associated with neuropsychological problems and that might contribute to learning disabilities.
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In another study, children operated on ISS performed better on cognitive organisation scales than the control group, but significantly worse on working memory and information processing speed scales.
“In another study, children operated on ISS performed better on cognitive organisation scales than the control group, whereas they performed significantly worse on working memory and information processing speed scales [33].”
From Isolated Sagittal Craniosynostosis: A Comprehensive Review (2024) · cites this paper as [33]
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- Authors
- Kljajić, M., Maltese, G., Tarnow, P., Sand, P., & Kölby, L.
- Affiliations
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE)
- Venue
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery
- Published
- 2019-05
- Volume
- 143
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1037e-1052e
- ISSN
- 0032-1052 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2917165703
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 2.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Craniofacial Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pectus Deformity Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Reconstructive Facial Surgery Techniques
- Keywords
- nonsyndromic craniosynostosis, cognitive profile, intelligence quotient, sagittal synostosis, metopic synostosis, working memory, processing speed, perceptual reasoning, learning disabilities, neuropsychological outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Developmental Disabilities, Cognition, Craniosynostoses, Female, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Learning Disabilities, Male, Incidence, Treatment Outcome, Orthopedic Procedures, Plastic Surgery Procedures
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