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Cited by 51Face Recognition and PerceptionFacial Rejuvenation and Surgery TechniquesBody Image and Dysmorphia Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Where do we look? Assessing gaze patterns in cosmetic face-lift surgery with eye tracking technology.

Cai, Lawrence Z., Kwong, Jeffrey W., Azad, Amee D., Kahn, David, Lee, Gordon K., Nazerali, Rahim S.·2019·Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery
DOI 10.1097/prs.0000000000005700
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Aesthetics plays a central role in determining success in plastic surgery. Understanding perceptions of favorable aesthetics is critical to ensure patient satisfaction. Eye-tracking technology offers an objective way of evaluating attention and understanding how viewers direct their focus on patients who undergo cosmetic face-lift procedures. METHODS: Thirty-six subjects ranging from layperson to attending plastic surgeon viewed 15 sets of photographs before and after patients underwent an elective face-lift procedure. They were instructed to evaluate the aesthetic quality on a Likert scale while eye-tracking equipment tracked their gaze and analyzed their distribution of attention. RESULTS: Postoperative images showed a Likert score improvement of 0.51 ± 0.26, with the greatest difference in attending cosmetic plastic surgeons (1.36 ± 0.22; p < 0.05). The nose was the most common first fixation location (31 percent of first fixations) and the most viewed area (16 ± 3 percent of fixation time) for all subjects. Experienced subjects spent less time in nonrelevant areas (30 ± 11 percent for attending cosmetic plastic surgeons and 37 ± 10 percent for attending noncosmetic plastic surgeons) compared with less experienced subjects (50 ± 15 percent for laypersons). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that viewers with greater experience in cosmetic surgery focus quickly on the cheeks, chin, and neck and have evenly distributed gaze across the entire face. These results suggest that a layperson's gaze is drawn to the center of the face (because of both unfamiliarity with the face-lift procedure and the natural tendency to look at the central face), whereas attending plastic surgeons exhibit holistic gaze patterns and are more aware of the impact of the procedure.

Overview

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/prs.0000000000005700

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24 of 24 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Clinicians are often more critical of craniofacial anomalies compared with the public.

    “The usefulness of this perspective is underscored by studies showing that clinicians are often more critical of craniofacial anomalies compared with the public.23–25”

    From Long-term Outcomes of Infant Ear Molding: A 10-year Single-Surgeon Experience (2025) · cites this paper as [24]

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Metadata

Authors
Cai, L. Z., Kwong, J. W., Azad, A. D., Kahn, D., Lee, G. K., & Nazerali, R. S.
Affiliations
Stanford Medicine (US)
ORCID
Venue
Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2019-07
Volume
144
Issue
1
Pages
63-70
ISSN
0032-1052 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1097/prs.0000000000005700
OpenAlex
W2894073489
Cited by
51
References
24
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 4
FWCI
4.36
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Facial Rejuvenation and Surgery Techniques
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
Keywords
gaze patterns, eye tracking, aesthetic perception, plastic surgeons, laypeople, fixation duration, cosmetic surgery outcomes, patient satisfaction
MeSH terms
Esthetics, Eye Movements, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Personal Satisfaction, Postoperative Care, Rhytidoplasty, Eye Movement Measurements

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