The eye contact effect: mechanisms and development
Open accessAbstract
The 'eye contact effect' is the phenomenon that perceived eye contact with another human face modulates certain aspects of the concurrent and/or immediately following cognitive processing. In addition, functional imaging studies in adults have revealed that eye contact can modulate activity in structures in the social brain network, and developmental studies show evidence for preferential orienting towards, and processing of, faces with direct gaze from early in life. We review different theories of the eye contact effect and advance a 'fast-track modulator' model. Specifically, we hypothesize that perceived eye contact is initially detected by a subcortical route, which then modulates the activation of the social brain as it processes the accompanying detailed sensory information.
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Direct gaze is particularly powerful in capturing attention in adults and newborns.
“Highly relevant social signals, such as direct gaze, are particularly powerful in capturing attention both in adults and newborns”
From The social motivation theory of autism (2012) · cites this paper as [7]
Direct gaze facilitates face-related tasks such as gender discrimination and identity encoding.
“they facilitate face-related tasks, such as gender discrimination or encoding of identities [7]”
From The social motivation theory of autism (2012) · cites this paper as [7]
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Experimenting at scale with google chrome's SSL warning
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- Authors
- Senju, A., & Johnson, M. H.
- Affiliations
- Birkbeck, University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Senju, Atsushi
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 127-134
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2149395978
- Cited by
- 797
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 2.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (G0701484)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/G007322/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- gaze perception, social brain network, face processing, cognitive modulation, social cognition development
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Brain, Facial Expression, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Social Behavior, Social Perception, Visual Perception
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