The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Association between Anxiety Disorders and Heart Rate Variability in The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA)
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To determine whether patients with different types of anxiety disorder (panic disorder, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder) have higher heart rate and lower heart rate variability compared with healthy controls in a sample that was sufficiently powered to examine the confounding effects of lifestyle and antidepressants. Methods: The standard deviation of the normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN), heart rate (HR), and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were measured in 2059 subjects (mean age = 41.7 years, 66.8% female) participating in The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). Based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) and Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), NESDA participants were classified as healthy controls (n = 616), subjects with an anxiety diagnosis earlier in life (n = 420), and subjects with current anxiety diagnosis (n = 1059). Results: Current anxious subjects had a significantly lower SDNN and RSA compared with controls. RSA was also significantly lower in remitted anxious subjects compared with controls. These associations were similar across the three different types of anxiety disorders. Adjustment for lifestyle had little impact. However, additional adjustment for antidepressant use reduced all significant associations between anxiety and HRV to nonsignificant. Anxious subjects who used a tricyclic antidepressant, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, or another antidepressant showed significantly lower mean SDNN and RSA compared with controls (effect sizes = 0.20–0.80 for SDNN and 0.42–0.79 for RSA). Nonmedicated anxious subjects did not differ from controls in mean SDNN and RSA. Conclusion: This study shows that anxiety disorders are associated with significantly lower HR variability, but the association seems to be driven by the effects of antidepressants. ANOVA = analysis of variance; ANS = autonomic nervous system; ATC = anatomical therapeutic chemical; BAI = Beck Anxiety Inventory; BMI = body mass index; CIDI = Composite International Diagnostic Interview; CVD = cardiovascular disease; dZ = changes in thorax impedance; ECG = electrocardiogram; GAD = generalized anxiety disorder; HR = heart rate; HRV = heart rate variability; IBI = inter-beat-interval; MDD = major depressive disorder; MET = multiple of one's resting metabolic rate times minutes of physical activity; NESDA = The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety; PD = panic disorder; pv = peak-valley; PNS = parasympathetic nervous system; RR = respiratory rate; RSA = respiratory sinus arrhythmia; SDNN = standard deviation of the normal-to-normal interval; SNS = sympathetic nervous system; SP = social phobia; VU-AMS = Vrije Universiteit Ambulatory Monitoring System; SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; TCA = tricyclic antidepressant.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A study involving 616 controls and 1,479 adults with anxiety showed that lower RSA in anxious subjects (52.1 vs. 45.1 ms; peak–valley method) survived adjustment for possible confounding factors as health indicators and lifestyle, but further adjustment for antidepressant use rendered all associations non-significant (62).”
From Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children Is Not Associated With Abnormal Autonomic Nervous System Function: Hypothesis and Theory (2022) · cites this paper as [62]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hence, drug use is a critical factor affecting HRV.”
From Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children Is Not Associated With Abnormal Autonomic Nervous System Function: Hypothesis and Theory (2022) · cites this paper as [62]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“the latter can be easily conceptualized as a chronic psychobiological stress response in the absence of realistic stressors”
From Exposed to events that never happen: generalized unsafety, the default stress response, and prolonged autonomic activity (2017) · cites this paper as Licht et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“PC is not only a core element chronic stress, but also in chronic anxiety”
From Exposed to events that never happen: generalized unsafety, the default stress response, and prolonged autonomic activity (2017) · cites this paper as Licht et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, in another common condition in which the social network is compromised, that is social anxiety, chronic low HRV has been reported (e.g.Licht et al., 2009).”
From Exposed to events that never happen: generalized unsafety, the default stress response, and prolonged autonomic activity (2017) · cites this paper as Licht et al., 2009
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Heart Rate Variability: Standards of Measurement, Physiological Interpretation, and Clinical Use
Electrophysiology, T. F. O. T. E. S. O. C. T. N. A. (1996) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.93.5.1043 · Cited by 17,159
Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use
Malik, M., Bigger, J. T., Camm, A. J., Kleiger, R. E., Malliani, A., Moss, A. J., & Schwartz, P. J. (1996) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014868 · Cited by 15,289
KESSLER, R. C., ANDREWS, G., COLPE, L. J., HIRIPI, E., MROCZEK, D. K., NORMAND, S.-L. T., WALTERS, E. E., & ZASLAVSKY, A. M. (2002) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291702006074 · Cited by 10,327
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464 · Cited by 9,210
Wittchen, H.-U. (1994) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(94)90036-1 · Cited by 2,348
Impact of Reduced Heart Rate Variability on Risk for Cardiac Events: The Framingham Heart Study
Tsuji, H., Larson, M. G., Venditti, F. J., Manders, E. S., Evans, J. C., Feldman, C. L., & Levy, D. (1996) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.94.11.2850 · Cited by 1,762
The polyvagal theory: phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system.
Porges, S. W. (2001) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(01)00162-3 · Cited by 1,582
Assessment of Physical Activity: An International Perspective
Booth, M. L. (2000) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2000.11082794 · Cited by 1,098
The role of vagal function in the risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality
Thayer, J. F., & Lane, R. D. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.11.013 · Cited by 1,033
BERNTSON, G. G., CACIOPPO, J. T., & QUIGLEY, K. S. (1993) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb01731.x · Cited by 998
The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA): rationale, objectives and methods
Penninx, B. W. J. H., Beekman, A. T. F., Smit, J. H., Zitman, F. G., Nolen, W. A., Spinhoven, P., Cuijpers, P. J., de Jong, P. J., van Marwijk, H., Assendelft, W. J., et al. (2008) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.256 · Cited by 930
Self-citationDekker, J. M., Crow, R. S., Folsom, A. R., Hannan, P. J., Liao, D., Swenne, C. A., & Schouten, E. G. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.102.11.1239 · Cited by 876
An autonomic flexibility–neurovisceral integration model of anxiety and cardiac vagal tone
Friedman, B. H. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.08.009 · Cited by 739
Frasure-Smith, N., & Lespérance, F. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.4 · Cited by 571
Antelmi, I., De Paula, R. S., Shinzato, A. R., Peres, C. A., Mansur, A. J., & Grupi, C. J. (2004) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.09.065 · Cited by 555
Bigger, J. T., Fleiss, J. L., Rolnitzky, L. M., & Steinman, R. C. (1993) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.88.3.927 · Cited by 500
Grossman, P., Karemaker, J., & Wieling, W. (1991) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb00412.x · Cited by 471
Eckberg, D. L. (2003) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.037192 · Cited by 431
Cohen, H., Benjamin, J., Geva, A. B., Matar, M. A., Kaplan, Z., & Kotler, M. (2000) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00195-5 · Cited by 390
A comparison of three quantification methods for estimation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia.
Grossman, P., van Beek, J., & Wientjes, C. (1990) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb03198.x · Cited by 381
Licht, C. M. M., de Geus, E. J. C., Zitman, F. G., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., van Dyck, R., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.12.1358 · Cited by 379
Self-citationStrik, J. J. M. H., Denollet, J., Lousberg, R. L., & Honig, A. (2003) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.07.007 · Cited by 356
Agelink, M. W., Malessa, R., Baumann, B., Majewski, T., Akila, F., Zeit, T., & Ziegler, D. (2001) · Clinical Autonomic Research · doi:10.1007/bf02322053 · Cited by 349
Liao, D., Cai, J., Rosamond, W. D., Barnes, R. W., Hutchinson, R. G., Whitsel, E. A., Rautaharju, P. M., & HEISS, G. M. (1997) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/145.8.696 · Cited by 337
Phobic Anxiety and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Sudden Cardiac Death Among Women
Albert, C. M., Chae, C. U., Rexrode, K. M., Manson, J. E., & Kawachi, I. I. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000153813.64165.5d · Cited by 331
Ambulatory measurement of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and respiration rate
de Geus, E. J. C., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., Klaver, C. H. A. M., & van Doornen, L. J. P. (1995) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(95)05137-6 · Cited by 328
Short- and long-term effects of cigarette smoking on heart rate variability
Hayano, J., Yamada, M., Sakakibara, Y., Fujinami, T., Yokoyama, K., Watanabe, Y., & Takata, K. (1990) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(90)90030-5 · Cited by 321
Friedmann, E., Thomas, S. A., Liu, F., Morton, P. G., Chapa, D., & Gottlieb, S. S. (2006) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2006.05.009 · Cited by 309
Elevated Heart Rate: A Major Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease
Palatini, P., & Julius, S. (2004) · Clinical and Experimental Hypertension · doi:10.1081/ceh-200031959 · Cited by 302
Rennie, K. L. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwg120 · Cited by 300
Effect of Age and Sex on Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Subjects
Zhang, J. H. (2007) · Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2007.04.001 · Cited by 276
Anxiety, Depression, and Cause-Specific Mortality: The HUNT Study
Mykletun, A., Bjerkeset, O. A., Dewey, M. E., Prince, M. J., Øverland, S. N., & Stewart, R. J. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31803cb862 · Cited by 265
GROSSMAN, P., & KOLLAI, M. (1993) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02072.x · Cited by 250
The safety of tricyclic antidepressants in cardiac patients. Risk-benefit reconsidered
Glassman, A. H. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.269.20.2673 · Cited by 245
Ambulatory monitoring of the impedance cardiogram
Willemsen, G. A. H. M., de Geus, E. J. C., Klaver, C. H. A. M., VanDoornen, L. J. P., & Carrofl, D. (1996) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02122.x · Cited by 222
Anxiety and depression as risk factors for mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery
Tully, P. J., Baker, R. A., & Knight, J. L. (2008) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.09.007 · Cited by 211
Székely, A., Balog, P., Benkö, E., Breuer, T., Székely, J., Kertai, M. D., Horkay, F., Kopp, M. S., & Thayer, J. F. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31814b8c0f · Cited by 204
Anxiety and Vagal Control of Heart Rate
Watkins, L. L., Grossman, P., Krishnan, R. R., & Sherwood, A. (1998) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199807000-00018 · Cited by 200
Thayer, J. F., Hall, M. H., Sollers, J. J., & Fischer, J. E. (2005) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.013 · Cited by 196
EXERCISE AND AUTONOMIC FUNCTION IN HEALTH AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Rosenwinkel, E. T., Bloomfield, D. M., Arwady, M. A., & Goldsmith, R. L. (2001) · Cardiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/s0733-8651(05)70223-x · Cited by 194
Eaker, E. D., SULLIVAN, L. M., Kelly‐Hayes, M., D’Agostino, R. B., & Benjamin, E. J. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000174050.87193.96 · Cited by 184
Comparison of time and frequency domain measures of RSA in ambulatory recordings
Goedhart, A. D., van der Sluis, S., Houtveen, J. H., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., & de Geus, E. J. C. (2007) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00490.x · Cited by 181
Berntson, G. G., Cacioppo, J. T., & Grossman, P. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.08.006 · Cited by 161
Houtveen, J. H., Rietveld, S., & de Geus, E. J. C. (2002) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3940427 · Cited by 160
Analysis of twenty-four hour heart rate variability in patients with panic disorder
McCraty, R., Atkinson, M., Tomasino, D., & Stuppy, W. P. (2001) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(01)00074-6 · Cited by 129
Power spectrum analysis and cardiovascular morbidity in anxiety disorders
Cohen, H., & Benjamin, J. (2006) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2005.06.007 · Cited by 124
Decreased R‐R variance in panic disorder patients
Yeragani, V. K., Balon, R., Pohl, R. B., Ramesh, C., Glitz, D. A., Weinberg, P., & Merlos, B. (1990) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb05498.x · Cited by 122
Pacher, P., Ungvari, Z. I., Nánási, P. P., Fürst, S., & Kecskeméti, V. (1999) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867306666220330184544 · Cited by 121
Physical fitness as a determinant of vagal modulation
Goldsmith, R. L., Bigger, J. T., Bloomfield, D. M., & Steinman, R. C. (1997) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199706000-00012 · Cited by 121
Altered heart rate variability in panic disorder patients
Klein, E., Cnaani, E., Harel, T., Braun, S. G., & Ben‐Haim, S. A. (1995) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)00130-u · Cited by 119
Britton, A. R., Shipley, M. J., Malík, M., Hnatkova, K., Hemingway, H., & Marmot, M. G. (2007) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.03.056 · Cited by 116
Heritability of Ambulatory Heart Rate Variability
Kupper, N. H. M., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., van den Berg, M., de Boer, D., Danielle Posthuma, B., Boomsma, D. I., & de Geus, E. J. C. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000146334.96820.6e · Cited by 109
The effects of stress-anxiety and coping styles on heart rate variability
Fuller, B. F. (1992) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/0167-8760(92)90045-d · Cited by 88
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia as a function of state anxiety in healthy individuals
Jönsson, P. (2006) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.08.002 · Cited by 87
Use of the Beck Anxiety Inventory with Adolescent Psychiatric Outpatients
Steer, R. A., Kumar, G., Ranieri, W. F., & Beck, A. T. (1995) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.459 · Cited by 86
Cardiac disease, anxiety, and sexual functioning
Friedman, S. (2000) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(00)00893-6 · Cited by 86
Heart rate variability and cardiac autonomic function in men with chronic alcohol dependence.
Malpas, S. C., Whiteside, E. A., & Tj, M. (1991) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.65.2.84 · Cited by 84
Murata, K., Landrigan, P. J., & Araki, S. (1992) · Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System · doi:10.1016/0165-1838(92)90041-e · Cited by 80
Autonomic neurotoxicity of alcohol assessed by heart rate variability
Murata, K., Araki, S., Yokoyama, K., Sata, F., Yamashita, K., & Ono, Y. (1994) · Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System · doi:10.1016/0165-1838(94)90026-4 · Cited by 62
Relations between alcohol consumption, heart rate, and heart rate variability in men
Ryan, J., & Howes, L. G. (2002) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heart.88.6.641 · Cited by 61
Houtveen, J. H., & Molenaar, P. C. M. (2001) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3850729 · Cited by 51
Kageyama, T., Nishikido, N., Honda, Y., Kurokawa, Y., Imai, H., Kobayashi, T., Kaneko, T., & Kabuto, M. (1997) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s004200050173 · Cited by 36
Wu, J.-S., Lu, F.-H., Yang, Y.-C., Lin, T.-S., Huang, Y.-H., Wu, C.-H., Chen, J.-J., & Chang, C.-J. (2008) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803791 · Cited by 28
Antidepressant drugs and heart electrical field.
Slavíček, J., Paclt, I., Hamplová, J., Kittnar, O., Trefný, Z., & Horacek, B. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 25
Anxiety and panic: Relationship to depression and cardiac disorders
Dünner, D. L. (1985) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(85)72770-3 · Cited by 12
Episodic anxiety and cardiac arrhythmias
Brown, H. N., & Kemble, S. B. (1981) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(81)73097-4 · Cited by 4
The Safety of Tricyclic Antidepressants in Cardiac Patients
Glassman, A. H. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03500200087039 · Cited by 3
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Friedman, 2007, An autonomic flexibility-neurovisceral integration model of anxiety and cardiac vagal tone., Biol Psychol, 74, 185, 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.08.009 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Anxiety Disorders are Associated with Reduced Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis
Chalmers, J. A., Quintana, D. S., Abbott, M. J.-A., & Kemp, A. H. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00080 · Cited by 1,067
“(74) included, however, this study was not included in the final analysis.”
BackgroundInfluentialHeart rate variability as a transdiagnostic biomarker of psychopathology
Beauchaine, T. P., & Thayer, J. F. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.08.004 · Cited by 870
Alvares, G. A., Quintana, D. S., Hickie, I. B., & Guastella, A. J. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.140217 · Cited by 503
Depression and cardiovascular disease in elderly: Current understanding
Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., & Ma, L. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2017.09.022 · Cited by 514
Kemp, A. H., Quintana, D. S., Felmingham, K. L., Matthews, S. T., & Jelinek, H. F. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030777 · Cited by 477
Metadata
- Authors
- Licht, C. M. M., de Geus, E. J. C., van Dyck, R., & Penninx, B. W. J. H.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Licht, Carmilla M. M.
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 508-518
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2111743880
- Cited by
- 215
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 8.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- pure.amsterdamumc.nl
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (submittedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (10-000-1002, Grant 10-000-1002)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- anxiety disorders, heart rate variability, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, autonomic nervous system, heart rate, lifestyle confounding, NESDA, cardiovascular risk, comorbid depression
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety Disorders, Arrhythmias, Cardiac, Arrhythmia, Sinus, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Electrocardiography, Female, Health Status, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Phobic Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Respiration, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Comorbidity, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
