The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Association of Enjoyable Leisure Activities With Psychological and Physical Well-Being
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine whether engaging in multiple enjoyable activities was associated with better psychological and physiological functioning. Few studies have examined the health benefits of the enjoyable activities that individuals participate in voluntarily in their free time. METHOD: Participants from four different studies (n = 1399 total, 74% female, age = 19-89 years) completed a self-report measure (Pittsburgh Enjoyable Activities Test (PEAT)) assessing their participation in ten different types of leisure activities as well as measures assessing positive and negative psychosocial states. Resting blood pressure, cortisol (over 2 days), body mass index, waist circumference, and perceived physiological functioning were assessed. RESULTS: Higher PEAT scores were associated with lower blood pressure, total cortisol, waist circumference, and body mass index, and perceptions of better physical function. These associations withstood controlling for demographic measures. The PEAT was correlated with higher levels of positive psychosocial states and lower levels of depression and negative affect. CONCLUSION: Enjoyable leisure activities, taken in the aggregate, are associated with psychosocial and physical measures relevant for health and well-being. Future studies should determine the extent that these behaviors in the aggregate are useful predictors of disease and other health outcomes.
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“Conditions such as depression and anxiety can be exacerbated or triggered by persistent body dissatisfaction, creating a cycle of negative self-evaluation and emotional distress.”
From Body Perceptions and Psychological Well-Being: A Review of the Impact of Social Media and Physical Measurements on Self-Esteem and Mental Health with a Focus on Body Image Satisfaction and Its Relationship with Cultural and Gender Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [72]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The societal emphasis on physical appearance often leads individuals to base their worth on how closely they align with these external standards, neglecting other qualities and achievements [72].”
From Body Perceptions and Psychological Well-Being: A Review of the Impact of Social Media and Physical Measurements on Self-Esteem and Mental Health with a Focus on Body Image Satisfaction and Its Relationship with Cultural and Gender Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [72]
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Citations
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
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“Depressive symptoms were assessed with the 10-item version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (31), a scale that correlates well with other measures of depressive symptoms and is used widely in diverse populations ( 0.”
MethodThe Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4 · Cited by 35,234 · cited 3×
“Sleep behaviors were assessed using a modification of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (38), an eight-item scale with the ability to distinguish reliably between good and poor sleepers ( 0.83).”
MethodInfluentialThe satisfaction with life scale
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13 · Cited by 31,768 · cited 2×
“Global life satisfaction was measured with the Satisfaction with Life Scale (32) ( 0.87) where participants rate how much they agree with self-descriptive sentences about their satisfaction of life.”
MethodInfluentialThe Scree Test For The Number Of Factors
Cattell, R. B. (1966) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10 · Cited by 13,554 · cited 1×
“Scree Plot extraction method (29), one factor emerged in the PEAT (Eigen-”
MethodSF-36 health survey: Manual and interpretation guide
Ware, J. (2003) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,424
Handbook of Positive Psychology
(2001) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195135336.001.0001 · Cited by 9,158
Social Relationships and Health
House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3399889 · Cited by 7,073
The restorative benefits of nature: toward an integrative framework
Kaplan, S. (1995) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2 · Cited by 6,923 · cited 1×
“These activities typically involve little mental effort, provide a sense of “being away,” maintain engagement, and match the person’s interests and abilities providing relief from the concerns that normally occupy the mind (2,3).”
BackgroundWhat good are positive emotions?
Fredrickson, B. L. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.300 · Cited by 6,066 · cited 1×
“This may be due to the presence of PA (but not a lack of NA) encouraging exploration, creativity, and socialization corresponding to the Broaden and Build theory of positive emotions (55).”
BackgroundStress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments
Ulrich, R. S., Simons, R. F., Losito, B. D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M. A., & Zelson, M. (1991) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0272-4944(05)80184-7 · Cited by 5,990
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A new look at social support: A theoretical perspective on thriving through relationships
Feeney, B. C., & Collins, N. L. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868314544222 · Cited by 1,521
“…emotions such as excitement, enthusiasm, and curiosity (emotions elicited or amplified by RC support) to psychological and physical health (Cohen & Pressman, 2006; Fredrickson, 2000; Kashdan, McKnight, Fincham, & Rose, 2011; Kashdan & Silvia, 2009; Pressman & Cohen, 2005; Pressman et al., 2009).”
BackgroundLeisure and Subjective Well-Being: A Model of Psychological Mechanisms as Mediating Factors
Newman, D. B., Tay, L., & Diener, E. (2014) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-013-9435-x · Cited by 887
“For example, individuals may be presented with a checklist of activities in which they are asked for whether they engage in an activity (‘‘Not applicable/Do not enjoy’’) and frequency of engagement (‘‘Never’’ to ‘‘Every Day’’) within the same response scale (e.g., Pressman et al. 2009).”
Leisure engagement and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis.
Kuykendall, L. E., Tay, L., & Ng, V. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038508 · Cited by 598
Interpersonal mechanisms linking close relationships to health.
Pietromonaco, P. R., & Collins, N. L. (2017) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000129 · Cited by 430
“Support for exploration and intimate interactions can also increase participation in leisure activities (Pressman et al., 2009) and play (Van Vleet & Feeney, 2015), which promote health through psychosocial and physiological pathways.”
BackgroundMerino, M., Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., Rubio-Zarapuz, A., Villanueva-Tobaldo, C. V., Martín-Rodríguez, A., & Clemente-Suárez, V. J. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12141396 · Cited by 349
“The societal emphasis on physical appearance often leads individuals to base their worth on how closely they align with these external standards, neglecting other qualities and achievements [72].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Pressman, S. D., Matthews, K. A., Cohen, S., Martire, L. M., Scheier, M., Baum, A., & Schulz, R.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Matthews, Karen A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2009-09
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 725-732
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2863117
- OpenAlex
- W2033377155
- Cited by
- 558
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 13.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- KiltHub Repository (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- KiltHub Repository
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 076858, HL07650, HL 076852, R24HL076852, R24HL076858)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management › Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- leisure, psychological well-being, physical well-being, blood pressure, cortisol, body mass index, waist circumference, depression, negative affect
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Blood Pressure, Female, Health Status, Health Surveys, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Leisure Activities, Male, Middle Aged, Personal Satisfaction, Physical Fitness, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Health Behavior
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