Features of postoperative immune suppression are reversible with interferon gamma and independent of interleukin-6 pathways
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of interleukin (IL)-6 pathways in postoperative immune suppression and to assess the reversibility of this phenomenon. BACKGROUND: The postoperative period is characterized by increased IL-6 production and features of immune suppression. In vitro, IL-6 mediates anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) pathways. The significance of the immunomodulatory effects of IL-6 in the clinical setting of postoperative immune suppression remains unclear. METHODS: Patients over 45 years old undergoing elective surgery, involving the gastrointestinal tract, were recruited. IL-6 levels were assayed using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay preoperatively, and at 24 and 48 hours. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers were cultured in perioperative serum and CD14Human Leukocyte Antigen-DR (HLA-DR) [monocyte HLA-DR (mHLA-DR)] geometric mean florescent intensity was measured in the presence and absence of IL-6 neutralizing antibody and recombinant IFN-γ. RESULTS: Of the 108 patients, 41 developed a postoperative infection. The IL-6 levels increased 19-fold from the preoperative sample to 24 hours postoperatively (P < 0.0001). Higher IL-6 levels at 24 (P = 0.0002) and 48 hours (P = 0.003) were associated with subsequent postoperative infectious complications. mHLA-DR mean florescent intensity fell when healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with postoperative serum compared with preoperative serum (P = 0.008). This decrease was prevented by the presence of IFN-γ in the culture media, but not by the presence of IL-6-neutralizing antibody. CONCLUSIONS: IL-6 levels increase after a major surgery and are associated with an increased susceptibility to postoperative infections. Serum obtained from postoperative patients induces an immunosuppressive response, reflected in reduced mHLA-DR levels, mediated through IL-6 independent pathways and is reversible with IFN-γ. These data may have therapeutic implications for the prevention of infection in patients undergoing major surgery.
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Cancer patients have greater vulnerability to infection than people without cancer, owing to immune suppression from the malignancy and treatments such as chemotherapy or surgery.
“Patients with cancer are more susceptible to infection than individuals without cancer because of their systemic immunosuppressive state caused by the malignancy and anticancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or surgery.5, 6, 7, 8”
From Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China (2020) · cites this paper as [7]
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Additional file 1 of Clinical characteristics of 9 cancer patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection
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- Authors
- Longbottom, E. R., Torrance, H. D. T., Owen, H. C., Fragkou, P. C., Hinds, C. J., Pearse, R. M., & O’Dwyer, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- Venue
- Annals of Surgery
- Published
- 2016-08
- Volume
- 264
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 370-377
- ISSN
- 0003-4932 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2440211190
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 36 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 2.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- qmro.qmul.ac.uk
- Locations
- Annals of Surgery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Middlesex University Research Repository (Middlesex University Of London) (acceptedVersion)
- Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Academic Anaesthesia
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (RP_2014-04-022, CS/08/08/17)
- Royal College of Surgeons of England
- Barts Health NHS Trust
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Cancer, Stress, Anesthesia, and Immune Response
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Inflammation biomarkers and pathways
- Keywords
- interleukin-6, interferon-gamma, postoperative infection, surgical stress response, HLA-DR expression, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, gastrointestinal surgery, immunomodulation, infection control
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Immune Tolerance, Interferon-gamma, Male, Middle Aged, Postoperative Complications, Digestive System Surgical Procedures, Interleukin-6, Case-Control Studies, Elective Surgical Procedures
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