Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China
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- Findingown data§ Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China
Among the risk factors examined, a cancer history carried the strongest association with severe events.
“Cancer history represented the highest risk for severe events (appendix p 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China
Cancer patients showed a greater risk of severe events-defined as ICU admission with invasive ventilation or death-than non-cancer patients (7/18 [39%] vs 124/1572 [8%]; Fisher's exact p=0.0003).
“patients with cancer were observed to have a higher risk of severe events (a composite endpoint defined as the percentage of patients being admitted to the intensive care unit requiring invasive ventilation, or death) compared with patients without cancer (seven [39%] of 18 patients vs 124 [8%] of 1572 patients; Fisher's exact p=0·0003).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China
Lung cancer was not associated with a greater probability of severe events than other cancer types (1/5 [20%] vs 8/13 [62%]; p=0.294).
“Patients with lung cancer did not have a higher probability of severe events compared with patients with other cancer types (one [20%] of five patients with lung cancer vs eight [62%] of 13 patients with other types of cancer; p=0·294).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China
A smoking history was more common among cancer patients (4/18 [22%] vs 107/1572 [7%]).
“more likely to have a history of smoking (four [22%] of 18 patients vs 107 [7%] of 1572 patients)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China
Cancer patients had more polypnea (8/17 [47%] vs 323/1377 [23%]).
“had more polypnea (eight [47%] of 17 patients vs 323 [23%] of 1377 patients; some data were missing on polypnea)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data§ Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China
Among 1590 COVID-19 cases, 18 (1%, 95% CI 0.61-1.65) had a history of cancer.
“18 (1%; 95% CI 0·61–1·65) of 1590 COVID-19 cases had a history of cancer”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China
The pattern held when severe events also incorporated physician assessment alongside objective criteria (9/18 [50%] vs 245/1572 [16%]; Fisher's exact p=0.0008).
“We observed similar results when the severe events were defined both by the above objective events and physician evaluation (nine [50%] of 18 patients vs 245 [16%] of 1572 patients; Fisher's exact p=0·0008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China
Deterioration to severe events occurred faster in cancer patients than in non-cancer patients (median 13 days [IQR 6-15] vs 43 days [20-not reached]; p<0.0001; HR 3.56, 95% CI 1.65-7.69, adjusted for age).
“patients with cancer deteriorated more rapidly than those without cancer (median time to severe events 13 days [IQR 6–15] vs 43 days [20–not reached]; p<0·0001; hazard ratio 3·56, 95% CI 1·65–7·69, after adjusting for age; figure).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China
Within the cancer group, older age was the sole risk factor identified for severe events (OR 1.43, 95% CI 0.97-2.12; p=0.072).
“Among patients with cancer, older age was the only risk factor for severe events (OR 1·43, 95% CI 0·97–2·12; p=0·072).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China
Cancer patients with COVID-19 were older than non-cancer patients (mean age 63.1 years [SD 12.1] vs 48.7 years [16.2]).
“Compared with patients without cancer, patients with cancer were older (mean age 63·1 years [SD 12·1] vs 48·7 years [16·2])”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China
Recent chemotherapy or surgery was associated with a numerically greater risk of clinically severe events (3/4 [75%]) compared with no such treatment (6/14 [43%]).
“patients who underwent chemotherapy or surgery in the past month had a numerically higher risk (three [75%] of four patients) of clinically severe events than did those not receiving chemotherapy or surgery (six [43%] of 14 patients; figure ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China
Logistic regression adjusting for age, smoking history, and other comorbidities confirmed the elevated odds of severe events for cancer patients (OR 5.34, 95% CI 1.80-16.18; p=0.0026).
“These odds were further confirmed by logistic regression (odds ratio [OR] 5·34, 95% CI 1·80–16·18; p=0·0026) after adjusting for other risk factors, including age, smoking history, and other comorbidities.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China
Cancer patients had more severe baseline CT manifestation (17/18 [94%] vs 1113/1572 [71%]).
“and more severe baseline CT manifestation (17 [94%] of 18 patients vs 1113 [71%] of 1572 patients)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China
Cancer patients have greater vulnerability to infection than people without cancer, owing to immune suppression from the malignancy and treatments such as chemotherapy or surgery.
“Patients with cancer are more susceptible to infection than individuals without cancer because of their systemic immunosuppressive state caused by the malignancy and anticancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or surgery.5, 6, 7, 8”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [5] Kamboj, 2009, Nosocomial infections in patients with cancer, Lancet Oncol source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [6] Li, 2014, Selective depletion of regulatory T cell subsets by docetaxel treatment in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer, J Immunol Res source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [7] Longbottom, 2016, Features of postoperative immune suppression are reversible with interferon gamma and independent of interleukin-6 pathways, Ann Surg source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [8] Sica, 2017, Myeloid suppressor cells in cancer and autoimmunity, J Autoimmun source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data§ Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China
The observed share of COVID-19 patients with a cancer history seems to exceed the background cancer occurrence in China's general population (0.29% per 100,000 in 2015).
“which seems to be higher than the incidence of cancer in the overall Chinese population (285·83 [0·29%] per 100 000 people, according to 2015 cancer epidemiology statistics9)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] Zheng, 2019, Report of cancer epidemiology in China, 2015, Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015 cancer incidence in the overall Chinese population is a valid comparator for the proportion of cancer history among COVID-19 cases in the 2020 cohort.
- Interpretationown data§ Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China
Individuals with a cancer history may face an elevated likelihood of contracting COVID-19 compared with those without cancer.
“We found that patients with cancer might have a higher risk of COVID-19 than individuals without cancer.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The 2015 cancer incidence in the overall Chinese population is a valid comparator for the proportion of cancer history among COVID-19 cases in the 2020 cohort.
- Interpretationown data§ Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China
COVID-19 outcomes were worse among patients with a cancer history.
“Additionally, we showed that patients with cancer had poorer outcomes from COVID-19, providing a timely reminder to physicians that more intensive attention should be paid to patients with cancer, in case of rapid deterioration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 3
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 1
May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in ChinaSex, other baseline symptoms, other comorbidities, and baseline x-ray severity did not differ significantly between the two groups.
“but had no significant differences in sex, other baseline symptoms, other comorbidities, or baseline severity of x-ray (appendix p 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in ChinaOf 16 cancer patients whose treatment status was known, four (25%) had undergone chemotherapy or surgery in the previous month, while the other 12 were survivors in routine follow-up after primary resection.
“Four (25%) of 16 patients (two of the 18 patients had unknown treatment status) with cancer with COVID-19 had received chemotherapy or surgery within the past month, and the other 12 (25%) patients were cancer survivors in routine follow-up after primary resection.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown data§ Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in ChinaThe analysis excluded 417 cases owing to incomplete records of prior disease history.
“We excluded 417 cases because of insufficient records of previous disease history.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown data§ Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in ChinaEvery case had laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 acute respiratory disease and had been admitted to hospital.
“All cases were diagnosed with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 acute respiratory disease and were admitted to hospital.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The 2015 cancer incidence in the overall Chinese population is a valid comparator for the proportion of cancer history among COVID-19 cases in the 2020 cohort.
“which seems to be higher than the incidence of cancer in the overall Chinese population (285·83 [0·29%] per 100 000 people, according to 2015 cancer epidemiology statistics9)”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Cancer survivors with COVID-19 face higher risk of ICU admission, ventilator use, or death compared to noncancer patients with COVID-19.
“Survivors presenting with COVID-19 face a higher risk of being admitted to an ICU, being placed on a ventilator, or dying compared to noncancer patients with COVID-19.6”
From Cancer during a pandemic: A psychosocial telehealth intervention for young adults (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
The main text reports more severe events—a composite of ICU admission requiring invasive ventilation or death—among patients with cancer than among patients without cancer (39% versus 8%). It identifies 12 participants as cancer survivors, and the figure caption includes survivors, but the reported risk comparison is for the cancer group as a whole, not survivors specifically. No page number is provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCancer patients are at higher risk of death or complications due to their systemic immunosuppressive state caused by the disease and its drug treatment.
“Self-isolation was extremely important, especially for cancer patients, as they are a group at higher risk of death or complications due to their systemic immunosuppressive state caused by the disease and its drug treatment [27].”
From The Effect of Vinyasa Yoga Practice on the Well-Being of Breast-Cancer Patients during COVID-19 Pandemic (2023) · cites this paper as [27]
The opening paragraph attributes cancer patients’ immunosuppression to malignancy and anticancer treatment, then suggests they might have a poorer COVID-19 prognosis. The results report more severe events, including intensive-care admission, invasive ventilation, or death, among patients with cancer. The paper does not establish that immunosuppression caused those worse outcomes, as the citing sentence states. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOlder adults diagnosed with both cancer and COVID-19 face increased mortality, hospitalization, and ICU admission.
“Older adults diagnosed with both cancer and COVID-19 face increased mortality, hospitalization, and ICU admission [3,4,5].”
From The Psychosocial Impact of COVID-19 on Older Adults with Cancer: A Rapid Review (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
The results report more severe events—a composite of ICU admission requiring invasive ventilation or death—among patients with cancer than those without cancer. They also identify older age as a possible risk factor within the cancer group, but the estimate was not statistically significant (p=0.072). The methods state that all analyzed patients were admitted to hospital, so this study does not establish an increased risk of hospitalization. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOlder adults with cancer may be among the most vulnerable to the effects of COVID-19 due to their immunocompromised status and increased presence of comorbidities.
“This is particularly true of older adults with cancer, who may be among the most vulnerable to the effects of COVID-19 due to their immunocompromised status and increased presence of comorbidities [1,2,3,4,5].”
From The Psychosocial Impact of COVID-19 on Older Adults with Cancer: A Rapid Review (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
The introduction says cancer and its treatments can cause systemic immunosuppression, and the results report more severe COVID-19 outcomes in patients with cancer. The discussion calls for particular attention to older patients and those with other comorbidities. But the results say patients with cancer did not differ significantly from those without cancer in other comorbidities, so this paper does not support the claim that they had an increased presence of comorbidities. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOncology patients are at high risk of contracting COVID-19 and suffering its complications, making prevention of acute healthcare utilization increasingly important during the pandemic.
“Due to the high risk for contracting and suffering complications of COVID-19 among oncology patients, prevention of acute healthcare utilization, such as emergency room (ER) visits and hospitalizations, is increasingly important during the COVID-19 pandemic [1, 2].”
From Risk stratification and outreach to hematology/oncology patients during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
COVID-19 mortality rises with increasing age and with comorbidities.
“While the virus affects people of all ages, data have consistently shown that mortality is higher with increasing age and comorbidities [[3], [4], [5], [6]].”
Patients with cancer have a higher risk of ICU admission, invasive ventilation, or death from COVID-19 than patients without cancer, due to immunosuppression from the disease and its treatments.
“Patients with cancer have higher risk of being admitted to intensive care unit requiring invasive ventilators or dying from COVID-19 than patients without cancer due to their systemic immunosuppressive state induced by the disease and its pharmacological treatments [5].”
From Physical activity for cancer patients during COVID-19 pandemic: A call to action (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
People age 65+, those with underlying medical conditions such as lung disease, weakened immune systems, and people undergoing cancer treatment may be at increased risk for severe illness from COVID-19.
“Current available information suggests that people age 65+, those with underlying medical conditions such as lung disease, people with weakened immune systems, and people undergoing cancer treatment may be at increased risk for severe illness from the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). 1,2”
SARS-CoV-2 infections in patients with cancer appear more likely to cause severe morbidity and mortality, owing in part to advanced age and immunosuppressive effects of malignancies and treatments.
“SARS-CoV-2 infections in patients with cancer appear more likely to cause severe morbidity and mortality, owing in part to these individuals' more advanced age and in part to the immunosuppressive effects of their malignancies and the drugs, radiation, and surgical procedures used to treat them (10–12).”
From Cancer Care During COVID-19 Era: The Quality of Life of Patients With Thyroid Malignancies (2020) · cites this paper as [12]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Cancer-survivor percentage is incorrect
MinorThe 12 cancer survivors are described as part of the 16 patients with known treatment status. Twelve of 16 is 75%, not 25%.
Reported 25 · recomputed 75
“Four (25%) of 16 patients (two of the 18 patients had unknown treatment status) with cancer with COVID-19 had received chemotherapy or surgery within the past month, and the other 12 (25%) patients were cancer survivors in routine follow-up after primary resection.”
Unknown treatment status is counted as no recent treatment
MinorThe paper says treatment status was unknown for two patients, leaving 12 of the 18 outside the recently treated group with known status. It later describes 14 patients as not having received treatment, apparently placing the two with unknown status in that comparison group.
“two of the 18 patients had unknown treatment status”
“three [75%] of four patients) of clinically severe events than did those not receiving chemotherapy or surgery (six [43%] of 14 patients”
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“Antitumor treatments, including radiotherapy and chemotherapy, may lead to systemic hypoimmunity.(203) Several studies have indicated that vaccination can protect about 50–60% of cancer patients from the SARS-CoV-2 infection; thus, they should receive COVID-19 vaccines as soon as possible and complete at least two dos…”
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- Authors
- Liang, W., Guan, W., Chen, R., Wang, W., Li, J., Xu, K., Li, C., Ai, Q., Lu, W., Liang, H., Li, S., & He, J.
- Affiliations
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- He, Jianxing
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet Oncology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-03
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 335-337
- ISSN
- 1470-2045 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7159000
- OpenAlex
- W3006355661
- Cited by
- 4,384
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 77 · 2024: 204 · 2023: 392 · 2022: 647 · 2021: 1106 · 2020: 1908 · 2019: 8 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 358.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Lancet Oncology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- China National Science Foundation (81871893)
- Key Project of Guangzhou Scientific Research (201804020030)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › COVID-19 and healthcare impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › COVID-19 Impact on Reproduction
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, cancer patients, cancer survivors, COVID-19 mortality, multiple organ failure, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, cancer care during pandemic
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, China, Humans, Medical History Taking, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Pneumonia, Viral, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Respiration, Artificial, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Coronavirus Infections
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