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Cited by 399Down syndrome and intellectual disability researchLanguage Development and DisordersHearing Impairment and Communication

Language Characteristics of Individuals With Down Syndrome

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Martin, Gary E., Klusek, Jessica, Estigarribia, Bruno, Roberts, Joanne E.·2009·Topics in Language Disorders
DOI 10.1097/tld.0b013e3181a71fe1PMC PMC2860304
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Abstract

On average, language and communication characteristics of individuals with Down syndrome (the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability) follow a consistent profile. Despite considerable individual variability, receptive language is typically stronger than expressive language, with particular challenges in phonology and syntax. We review the literature on language and literacy skills of individuals with Down syndrome, with emphasis on the areas of phonology, vocabulary, syntax, and pragmatics. We begin by describing the hearing, oral-motor, cognitive, social, and prelinguistic and early nonverbal communication characteristics of individuals with Down syndrome. We conclude with a discussion of clinical implications and research directions.

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  • The DS neurodevelopmental phenotype encompasses deficits in executive function, working memory, motor coordination, and linguistic processing that emerge within the first postnatal months and influence academic, occupational, and adaptive functioning trajectories throughout the lifespan.

    “This neurodevelopmental phenotype encompasses deficits in executive function, working memory, motor coordination, and linguistic processing - impairments that emerge within the first postnatal months and profoundly influence academic, occupational, and adaptive functioning trajectories throughout the lifespan (2-5).”

    From Molecular and cellular processes disrupted in the early postnatal Down syndrome prefrontal cortex (2026) · cites this paper as [4]

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Authors
Martin, G. E., Klusek, J., Estigarribia, B., & Roberts, J. E.
Affiliations
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
ORCID
Venue
Topics in Language Disorders
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2009-04
Volume
29
Issue
2
Pages
112-132
ISSN
0271-8294 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1097/tld.0b013e3181a71fe1
PMC
PMC2860304
OpenAlex
W2019067852
Cited by
399
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 15
FWCI
9.41
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Topics in Language Disorders (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD038819, R01HD044935, T32HD040127)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Hearing Impairment and Communication
Keywords
Down syndrome, linguistic features, receptive language, expressive language, phonology, syntax, vocabulary, pragmatics, literacy, intellectual disability, oral motor skills, prelinguistic communication, nonverbal communication

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