Relationship Between Brain and Cognitive Processes in Down Syndrome
Abstract
We investigated regional grey matter (GM) density in adolescents with Down syndrome (DS) compared to age-matched controls and correlated MRI data with neuropsychological measures in the DS group. Inter-group comparisons documented several GM concentration abnormalities in the participants with DS compared to controls. In the adolescents with DS, intra-group results also showed associations between regional GM density and the neuropsychological measures considered. In particular, GM density of the cerebellum and middle and inferior temporal gyrus was associated with linguistic measures. Short-term memory performances were correlated with the inferior parietal lobule, insula, superior temporal gyrus, medial occipital lobe, and cerebellum. Long-term memory abilities were correlated with GM density in the orbitofrontal cortex, lateral and medial temporal lobe regions, and anterior cingulum and visuo-perceptual abilities with GM density the left middle frontal gyrus. Results of this preliminary study are consistent with a not always efficient brain organization in DS.
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Gross anatomical differences in brain structure are apparent in fetal and neonatal brains of individuals with Down syndrome, including reductions in overall brain volume, white matter volume, gyral complexity, sulcal depth and growth of the cortical plate.
“Gross anatomical differences in brain structure are apparent in the fetal and neonatal brains of individuals with DS, including reductions in overall brain volume, white matter volume, gyral complexity, sulcal depth and growth of the cortical plate6,8–15.”
From Consequences of trisomy 21 for brain development in Down syndrome (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
Neurodevelopmental impairment and neuronal dysfunction contribute to the hallmark cognitive deficits observed in individuals with Down syndrome.
“There is evidence that neurodevelopmental impairment and neuronal dysfunction contribute to the hallmark cognitive deficits observed in individuals with DS8,9.”
From Consequences of trisomy 21 for brain development in Down syndrome (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
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Variables that Predict the Potential Efficacy of Early Intervention in Reading in Down Syndrome
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Pain and Cognitive Functioning in Adults with Down Syndrome
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Meta-Analysis of Down Syndrome Cortical Development Reveals Underdeveloped State of the Science
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Laterality Explored: Atypical Hemispheric Dominance in Down Syndrome
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Virtual Reality and Down Syndrome Rehabilitation
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Memory development and learning
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Distinct brain regions are affected by neurodevelopmental or pre-dementia changes in Down syndrome
Jorge, L., Oliveira, J., Martins, R., Lopes, T., Quental, H., & Castelo-Branco, M. S. (2026) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcag269
- Authors
- Menghini, D., Costanzo, F., & Vicari, S.
- Affiliations
- Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Vicari, Stefano
- Venue
- Behavior Genetics
- Published
- 2011-01-29
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 381-393
- ISSN
- 0001-8244 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3297
- OpenAlex
- W1987076849
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 10.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Behavior Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- Down syndrome, gray matter density, adolescents, neuropsychological measures, cerebellum, temporal lobe, short-term memory, long-term memory, brain organization, neuroimaging
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Brain Mapping, Cerebellum, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, DNA Mutational Analysis, Down Syndrome, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Organ Size, Phenotype, Young Adult
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