The DOI matches its Crossref record; 83 of the 83 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 134 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: A strong male bias in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence has been observed with striking consistency, but no mechanism has yet to definitively account for this sex difference. This review explores the current status of epidemiological, genetic, and neuroendocrinological work addressing ASD prevalence and liability in males and females, so as to frame the major issues necessary to pursue a more complete understanding of the biological basis for sex-differential risk. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies continue to report a male bias in ASD prevalence, but also suggest that sex differences in phenotypic presentation, including fewer restricted and repetitive behaviors and externalizing behavioral problems in females, may contribute to this bias. Genetic studies demonstrate that females are protected from the effects of heritable and de-novo ASD risk variants, and compelling work suggests that sex chromosomal genes and/or sex hormones, especially testosterone, may modulate the effects of genetic variation on the presentation of an autistic phenotype. SUMMARY: ASDs affect females less frequently than males, and several sex-differential genetic and hormonal factors may contribute. Future work to determine the mechanisms by which these factors confer risk and protection to males and females is essential.
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105 Not checked yet · 27 Own interpretation · 3 No basis given · 2 Supported · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“One potential pathway by which testosterone influences ASD risk may involve RORA (retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-alpha), a gene down-regulated in ASD lymphoblastoid cell lines [74].”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex hormonal contributors to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [74] Nguyen A Rauch TA Pfeifer GP Hu VW Global methylation profiling of lymphoblastoid cell lines reveals epigenetic contributions to autism spectrum disorders and a novel autism candidate gene, RORA, whose protein product is reduced in autistic brain FASEB J 2010 24 8 3036 51 20375269 PMC2909294 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that RORA is differentially expressed in lymphoblastoid cell lines from autistic versus nonautistic siblings, supporting the down-regulation portion of the claim. It identifies RORA as a potential autism susceptibility gene, but our copy does not establish a pathway by which testosterone influences ASD risk through RORA (searched: testosterone, androgen). No page numbers were available in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Generally, high sex ratios have been found by studies that predominantly identified subjects via treatment facilities or disability registries [8,9,14], including more recent studies of records from Boston area hospital records [15*] and Taiwanese disability registries [16*].”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > ASD prevalence in males and females
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Volkmar FR Szatmari P Sparrow SS Sex differences in pervasive developmental disorders J Autism Dev Disord 1993 23 4 579 91 8106301 source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Yeargin-Allsopp M Rice C Karapurkar T Prevalence of autism in a US metropolitan area JAMA 2003 289 1 49 55 12503976 source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Lord C Schopler E Differences in sex ratios in autism as a function of measured intelligence J Autism Dev Disord 1985 15 2 185 93 3997745 source
- Not checked yetcites [15*]
- Not checked yetcites [16*]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“sex differences in phenotypic presentation, including fewer restricted and repetitive behaviors and externalizing behavioral problems in females, may contribute to this bias.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Abstract > Recent findings
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“several sex-differential genetic and hormonal factors may contribute.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · hedged
“still other sex-differential genetic and hormonal factors acting to potentiate risk to males and/or attenuate risk to females”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Abstract > Summary
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- Also stated in: § Conclusion · hedged
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Genetic studies demonstrate that females are protected from the effects of heritable and de novo ASD risk variants”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Abstract > Recent findings
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This suggests that among those who meet diagnostic criteria, females are not more severely affected.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Presentation of ASD symptoms and related phenotypes in males and females
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“many studies find no sex differences in overall composite ASD severity as measured on several standard assessment tools [16,19,20,21*,22*,23**].”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Presentation of ASD symptoms and related phenotypes in males and females
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16,19,20,21*,22*,23**]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“A strong male bias in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence has been observed with striking consistency”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“they show a striking male bias in prevalence, with approximately 4 affected males for every 1 affected female.”
- Also stated in: § ASD prevalence in males and females · hedged
“a commonly referenced consensus ratio of ~4:1.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Abstract > Purpose of review
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Fombonne E Epidemiology of pervasive developmental disorders Pediatr Res 2009 65 6 591 8 19218885 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
In the paper
“although the same trend was not found in England, where a 9 to 1 M:F ratio was observed in high functioning individuals with an ASD [18*].”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > ASD prevalence in males and females
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18*]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“no mechanism has yet to definitively account for this sex difference.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“we have yet to definitively identify the underlying mechanism through which these pathways interact to give rise to the male preponderance among individuals with ASDs.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Abstract > Purpose of review
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
In the paper
“Prevalence surveys conducted since have reported a range of male biases from 1.33:1 male:female (M:F) to 15.7:1 [7]”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > ASD prevalence in males and females
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Fombonne E Epidemiology of pervasive developmental disorders Pediatr Res 2009 65 6 591 8 19218885 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“low sex ratios between 1.7:1 in high-functioning ASD cases, and 2.3:1 in cases with ASD and co-morbid ID were found in an epidemiological, population-screening study for ASDs in Finland [17*]”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > ASD prevalence in males and females
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17*]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it should also be recognized that this could also, at least partially, reflect ascertainment bias.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > ASD prevalence in males and females
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The consistency of this observation across time and populations strongly implicates the involvement of sex-specific biological factors in ASD etiology.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Introduction
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“sex chromosomal genes and/or sex hormones, especially testosterone, may modulate the effects of genetic variation on the presentation of an autistic phenotype.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Abstract > Recent findings
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results suggest that increased FT levels predispose the differentiating brain to a hypermasculine cognitive and neuroanatomical phenotype.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex hormonal contributors to ASD risk
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“consistent with the hypothesis that females can withstand more significant mutations than males before being affected with ASD.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex differences in genetic contributions to ASD risk
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“This model predicts that relatives of female probands should be at increased risk for ASD as compared with relatives of male probands, which is supported by a recent twin study [32].”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex differences in genetic contributions to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“One study also observed a trend towards increased de novo CNV rate in unaffected female siblings [47*]”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex differences in genetic contributions to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47*]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“whereas typical males score significantly higher on measures of systemizing [63].”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex hormonal contributors to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Baron-Cohen S Richler J Bisarya D The systemizing quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2003 358 1430 361 74 12639333 PMC1693117 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Biological theories for the sex difference in ASD prevalence most frequently take the form of a multiple-threshold multifactorial liability model [31], in which females have a higher threshold for reaching affection status than males (Figure 1A).”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex differences in genetic contributions to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Reich R Cloninger CR Guze SB The multifactorial model of disease transmission: I. Description of the model and its use in psychiatry Br J Psychiatry 1975 127 1 10 1139078 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Females with ASD show greater internalizing symptoms than boys, including anxiety, depression, and other emotional symptoms as reported by parents [25*,29*]”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Presentation of ASD symptoms and related phenotypes in males and females
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25*,29*]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that de novo variants of large effect may contribute significantly to ASD liability.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex differences in genetic contributions to ASD risk
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“close to 90% of ASD families have only one affected member [44]”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex differences in genetic contributions to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Constantino JN Zhang Y Frazier T Sibling recurrence and the genetic epidemiology of autism Am J Psychiatry 2010 167 11 1349 56 20889652 PMC2970737 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the reported TS cases with co-morbid ASD predominantly carry an intact maternal X chromosome, which led Skuse and colleagues to propose the theory that imprinted genes expressed only from the paternal X protect against ASD [59].”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex differences in genetic contributions to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Skuse DH Imprinting, the X-chromosome, and the male brain: explaining sex differences in the liability to autism Pediatr Res 2000 47 1 9 16 10625077 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For girls then, ID may be more likely the secondary issue prompting evaluation and diagnosis.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Presentation of ASD symptoms and related phenotypes in males and females
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“a new study of more than 9000 dizygotic twin pairs from population-based cohorts provides the most conclusive demonstration of female-protective factors to date, showing that siblings of autistic females exhibit significantly greater autistic impairments than siblings of autistic males (Angelica Ronald, December 13, 2012).”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex differences in genetic contributions to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Angelica Ronald, December 13, 2012
boostedcorrelationaln = 9,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it may be that relatively higher levels of social ability in females preclude full diagnosis of ASD, particularly for those who are high-functioning.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Presentation of ASD symptoms and related phenotypes in males and females
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Lu and Cantor used a case-pseudocontrol genome-wide association test with sex as a factor to find two genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within genes RYR2 (Ryanodine receptor 2) and UPP2 (uridine phosphorylase 2) [41*].”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex differences in genetic contributions to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41*]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Findings of significant positive correlations between FT levels and measures of systemizing [64] and autistic traits [65], and negative correlations with measures of empathizing [66] and the quality of social relationships [67] are consistent with this hypothesis.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex hormonal contributors to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Auyeung B Baron-Cohen S Chapman E Foetal testosterone and the child systemizing quotient European Journal of Endocrinology 2006 155 S123 S130 source
- Not checked yetcites [65] Auyeung B Baron-Cohen S Ashwin E Fetal testosterone and autistic traits Br J Psychol 2009 100 Pt 1 1 22 18547459 source
- Not checked yetcites [66] Chapman E Baron-Cohen S Auyeung B Fetal testosterone and empathy: evidence from the empathy quotient (EQ) and the “reading the mind in the eyes” test Soc Neurosci 2006 1 2 135 48 18633782 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An elevated rate of de novo single nucleotide variants (SNVs) is also observed in exome sequences from autistic females [48**,49**], especially the most deleterious SNVs (nonsense, splice site, some missense) [50**,51**].”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex differences in genetic contributions to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48**,49**]
- Not checked yetcites [50**,51**]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This scenario further implies that some proportion of the sex difference in ASD prevalence is attributable to biases inherent in the diagnostic process.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Presentation of ASD symptoms and related phenotypes in males and females
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although ASD may not be X-linked in the Mendelian sense, sex chromosome complement may still modulate ASD risk.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex differences in genetic contributions to ASD risk
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: ASD transmission in most families does not follow an X-linked pattern.
- Rests on an assumption: Several ASD risk genes on the X chromosome all cause significant intellectual disability.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Early work convincingly demonstrated that typical females score significantly higher on measures of empathizing and value placed on meaningful relationships with others [61,62]”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex hormonal contributors to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Baron-Cohen S Wheelwright S The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences J Autism Dev Disord 2004 34 2 163 75 15162935 source
- Not checked yetcites [62] Baron-Cohen S Wheelwright S The Friendship Questionnaire: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences J Autism Dev Disord 2003 33 5 509 17 14594330 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“parents also more frequently endorse the item “avoids demands” for female cases on the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ) [19]”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Presentation of ASD symptoms and related phenotypes in males and females
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Kopp S Gillberg C The Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ)-Revised Extended Version (ASSQ-REV): an instrument for better capturing the autism phenotype in girls? A preliminary study involving 191 clinical cases and community controls Res Dev Disabil 2011 32 6 2875 88 21664105 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This finding also supports a role for heritable variation in ASD liability under the threshold model.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex differences in genetic contributions to ASD risk
plainconditionaln = 9,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A significantly smaller proportion of high-scoring girls met full ASD diagnostic criteria than males (38% versus 56%)”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Presentation of ASD symptoms and related phenotypes in males and females
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30**]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Prospective study of infant siblings of autistic probands which identifies a higher than expected proportion of high functioning female ASD cases among probands’ siblings”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“but no difference in overall childhood symptom severity as measured by the ADI-R”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“collectively suggesting that hyperandrogenism may be a significant risk factor for ASD”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex hormonal contributors to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73*]
hedgedconditionaln = 70- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“a higher free androgen index in females with Asperger’s syndrome versus controls [71*]”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex hormonal contributors to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71*]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“a co-expression module of genes involved in immune system and glial function was observed to be up-regulated in adult autistic cortex [76**]”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex hormonal contributors to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76**]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A comparison of males and females with ASDs finds some differences in symptom subdomains and related behaviors”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“sex hormones, particularly estradiol, have been shown to affect glial-neuronal interactions [77*,78].”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex hormonal contributors to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77*,78]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it may not be the absolute levels of androgens or estrogens, but the balance between them that influences ASD risk.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex hormonal contributors to ASD risk
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Evaluation of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors in 140 adults with ASD finds males exhibit more repetitive and restricted behaviors and interests than females regardless of age”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] source
plaincorrelationaln = 140- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and also in brothers of female probands”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“again suggesting ascertainment contributes to the identification of autistic females”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“High variability in the prevalence and sex ratio across 14 surveillance sites using different record sources to identify cases (health and/or educational)”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“including increased repetitive stereotyped behaviors in males”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Subsequent studies have found increased androstenedione in serum from adults with ASD compared to controls irrespective of sex [70*]”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex hormonal contributors to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70*]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Population screening study in Finland finds DSM-5 draft criteria to be less sensitive for diagnosing cases with high-functioning ASDs and Asperger’s syndrome”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“more recent population screens have identified a higher proportion of autistic females relative to males than past work on clinically ascertained samples.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“Assessment of ASD symptom severity, IQ, and behavioral problems finds sex differential expression of these phenotypes”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Characterization of 970 Caucasian multiplex families finds significantly higher repetitive and restricted behaviors and interests scores in males than females with ASD”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] source
plaincorrelationaln = 970- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“suggest that ascertainment methods may influence ASD prevalence estimates by sex”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Results show that among individuals without co-morbid intellectual or behavioral problems, females are less likely to be diagnosed than males”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Together, results from these papers demonstrate a significant role for rare SNVs in genetic liability for ASD”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The inclusion of sex as a factor in a genome-wide association test for ASD in families facilitates the identification of two risk loci”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and also finds an increased CNV rate in females versus males”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Comparison of cognitive performance in ASD by sex finds higher scores for stereotypic behavior and interests in males”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The first study to explicitly evaluate sex differences in the presentation of ASD symptoms and related traits between cases exhibiting autistic traits but who either meet or do not meet standing criteria for ASD diagnosis”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Characterization of behaviors and autistic traits in males with sex chromosome aneuploidies finds a high rate of autistic traits in both KS and 47,XYY”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] source
plaincorrelationaln = 26- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and also that the loci hit by these SNVs are highly heterogeneous”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“but no effect of proband sex on this recurrence risk”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Measurement of molecules in blood from individuals with Asperger’s syndrome identifies different sets of significant biomarkers in males and females”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Characterization of cortical gene expression patterns in adults with ASD finds diminished regional specificity of gene expression patterns in ASD”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Assessment of circulating androgens in high-functioning autistic adults finds higher levels of androstenedione in males and females with ASD than in sex-matched controls”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 36
- It may state two separate claims as one. 39
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“thereby implicating specific CNV loci in ASD liability”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [47] source
The Discussion reports strong evidence that duplications at 7q11.23 contribute to ASD and identifies additional recurrent CNV loci, including 16p13.2 and CDH13. This supports the claim that specific CNV loci are implicated in ASD liability. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and RORA stimulates expression of aromatase”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [75] source
The Results section, “Aromatase is a transcriptional target of RORA,” reports that RORA overexpression in human neuroblastoma cells was accompanied by a significant increase in aromatase transcripts. This directly supports the claim that RORA stimulates aromatase expression. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Co-morbid ID increases females’ likelihood of acquiring an ASD diagnosis, and conversely high-functioning females may go undiagnosed.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > ASD prevalence in males and females
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a 1999 review reported median sex ratios of 6:1 among normal-functioning subjects and 1.7:1 among cases with moderate to severe ID [11].”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > ASD prevalence in males and females
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Fombonne E The epidemiology of autism: a review Psychol Med 1999 29 4 769 86 10473304 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The wide variation in the sex ratio reported by different sites in the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network and findings from large-scale population screening for ASD in a South Korean community where clinically ascertained samples show higher M:F ratios than less biased population screening are consistent with this hypothesis [12**,13**].”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > ASD prevalence in males and females
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12**,13**]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we currently do not understand the extent of this over-representation, or the degree to which this male bias in prevalence is related to intellectual functioning or ascertainment methods in addition to the influence of sex-differential genetic or hormonal factors.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > ASD prevalence in males and females
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Intelligence level affects this sex ratio: males are substantially over-represented among high-functioning cases, and males and females are more equally represented among cases with severe intellectual disability (ID) [8,9,10,11]”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > ASD prevalence in males and females
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Volkmar FR Szatmari P Sparrow SS Sex differences in pervasive developmental disorders J Autism Dev Disord 1993 23 4 579 91 8106301 source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Yeargin-Allsopp M Rice C Karapurkar T Prevalence of autism in a US metropolitan area JAMA 2003 289 1 49 55 12503976 source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Banach R Thompson A Szatmari P Brief Report: Relationship between non-verbal IQ and gender in autism J Autism Dev Disord 2009 39 1 188 93 18594959 source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Fombonne E The epidemiology of autism: a review Psychol Med 1999 29 4 769 86 10473304 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Males with ASD are found to show more externalizing behavior problems than females, such as aggressive behavior, hyperactivity, reduced prosocial behavior, and increased repetitive/restricted behaviors and interests [24*,25*,26**,27*,28].”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Presentation of ASD symptoms and related phenotypes in males and females
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24*,25*,26**,27*,28]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“studies of chromosomal structural variation that indicate that a higher proportion of female cases carry a de novo CNV than male cases and that these CNVs disrupt a greater number of genes than those from males [45,46*,47*].”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex differences in genetic contributions to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45,46*,47*]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In combination with the presence of a Y chromosome, this lack of paternal X expression could then raise ASD risk for both syndromes, and for a higher proportion of XYY cases as is observed.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex differences in genetic contributions to ASD risk
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: 40-50% of Klinefelter syndrome cases arise from maternal nondisjunction of the X chromosome.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Baron-Cohen and colleagues have proposed that fetal testosterone (FT) levels may also drive cognitive hypermasculinization in ASD.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex hormonal contributors to ASD risk
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.
In the paper
“ASD-diagnosed girls had a higher mean total problem score (hyperactivity, anxiety, and conduct, peer, and prosocial problems) and a higher frequency of low IQ than ASD-diagnosed boys.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Presentation of ASD symptoms and related phenotypes in males and females
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30**]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“only the male-only linkage signal at 17q21 has been successfully replicated, and the exact risk genes or variants responsible for these linkage peaks remain unknown.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex differences in genetic contributions to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Stone JL Merriman B Cantor RM Evidence for sex-specific risk alleles in autism spectrum disorder Am J Hum Genet 2004 75 6 1117 23 15467983 PMC1182147 source
- Not checked yetcites [36] Cantor RM Kono N Duvall JA Replication of autism linkage: fine-mapping peak at 17q21 Am J Hum Genet 2005 76 6 1050 6 15877280 PMC1196442 source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Szatmari P Paterson AD Zwaigenbaum L Mapping autism risk loci using genetic linkage and chromosomal rearrangements Nat Genet 2007 39 3 319 28 17322880 PMC4867008 source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Lamb JA Barnby G Bonora E Analysis of IMGSAC autism susceptibility loci: evidence for sex limited and parent of origin specific effects J Med Genet 2005 42 2 132 7 15689451 PMC1735992 source
- Not checked yetcites [39] Schellenberg GD Dawson G Sung YJ Evidence for multiple loci from a genome scan of autism kindreds Mol Psychiatry 2006 11 11 1049 60 16880825 source
- Not checked yetcites [40] Weiss LA Arking DE Daly MJ Chakravarti A A genome-wide linkage and association scan reveals novel loci for autism Nature 2009 461 7265 802 8 19812673 PMC2772655 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The observed sex differences raise the possibility that male-typical externalizing behaviors are more disruptive in the home or school setting than female-typical internalizing behaviors, preferentially prompting evaluation and diagnosis for boys, especially as compared to high-functioning girls.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Presentation of ASD symptoms and related phenotypes in males and females
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In these studies, high-functioning ASD cases scored lower than typical males on measures of empathy and friendship, and higher than typical males on measures of systemizing.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex hormonal contributors to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Baron-Cohen S Wheelwright S The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences J Autism Dev Disord 2004 34 2 163 75 15162935 source
- Not checked yetcites [62] Baron-Cohen S Wheelwright S The Friendship Questionnaire: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences J Autism Dev Disord 2003 33 5 509 17 14594330 source
- Not checked yetcites [63] Baron-Cohen S Richler J Bisarya D The systemizing quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2003 358 1430 361 74 12639333 PMC1693117 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, whether the male-skewed prevalence of ASD is due to biased diagnosis of sex-differential presentations of the disease or to true sex differences in prevalence (or both), sex-specific biology is likely to play a role.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Presentation of ASD symptoms and related phenotypes in males and females
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it appears that regardless of whether risk variants are inherited or de novo, in the face of a comparable degree of genetic liability, males are at increased risk for and females are protected from manifesting ASD symptoms that meet diagnostic criteria.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex differences in genetic contributions to ASD risk
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“levels of testosterone and its precursors were found to be significantly elevated in a sample of ASD cases, with 57 of the 70 subjects having at least one androgen metabolite measuring above the upper limit of sex- and age-matched reference ranges [69].”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex hormonal contributors to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] Geier DA Geier MR A prospective assessment of androgen levels in patients with autistic spectrum disorders: biochemical underpinnings and suggested therapies Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2007 28 5 565 73 17984958
plaincorrelationaln = 70- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent work has even found a correlation between increasing FT and volume of sexually dimorphic brain regions, specifically increased volume of the right temporoparietal junction/posterior superior temporal sulcus and decreased volume of the planum temporale/parietal operculum and posterior lateral orbitofrontal cortex volume [68*].”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex hormonal contributors to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68*]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a study of rare copy number variants (CNVs) in ASD identified the first inherited autosomal variant with clear male-biased penetrance: males carrying a microdeletion in SHANK1 had high-functioning autism, while female relatives carrying the same microdeletion showed anxiety but did not meet diagnostic criteria for ASD [42**].”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex differences in genetic contributions to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42**]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“other studies have failed to support the genetic loading hypothesis, including a study of 882 families [33] and another recent study of high risk siblings of autistic probands that found that only the sex of the sibling was a significant predictor of their future ASD status [34**].”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex differences in genetic contributions to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Goin-Kochel RP Abbacchi A Constantino JN Lack of evidence for increased genetic loading for autism among families of affected females: a replication from family history data in two large samples Autism 2007 11 3 279 86 17478580 source
- Not checked yetcites [34**]
plainn = 882- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One major theory that invokes a broad role for testosterone in ASD etiology is the Extreme Male Brain theory, which proposes that ASD arises from hypermasculinization of the brain [60].”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex hormonal contributors to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Baron-Cohen S The extreme male brain theory of autism Trends Cogn Sci 2002 6 6 248 254 12039606 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these observations suggest several intriguing possibilities: 1) the Y chromosome is a risk factor for ASD, and 2) a second X chromosome is protective, possibly via genes that escape X-inactivation.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex differences in genetic contributions to ASD risk
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“genetic studies operating under this model hypothesize that females with ASD are likely to be carrying a higher heritable mutational “load” than affected males.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex differences in genetic contributions to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Reich R Cloninger CR Guze SB The multifactorial model of disease transmission: I. Description of the model and its use in psychiatry Br J Psychiatry 1975 127 1 10 1139078 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Girls without diagnoses showed increased communication difficulties, but reduced social impairments as compared to non-diagnosed boys.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Presentation of ASD symptoms and related phenotypes in males and females
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30**]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“with an increased rate of ASD diagnosis in Turner syndrome (TS, XO, ~3% ASD) [52,53,54], Klinefelter syndrome (KS, XXY, ~10% ASD) [55,56*], and 47,XYY syndrome (~20% ASD), but no increased rate in X chromosome trisomy [57,58**].”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex differences in genetic contributions to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Donnelly SL Wolport CM Menold MM Female with autistic disorder and monosomy X (Turner syndrome): parent-of-origin effect of the X chromosome Am J Med Genet 2000 96 3 312 6 10898907 source
- Not checked yetcites [53] Skuse DH James RS Bishop DV Evidence from Turner’s syndrome of an imprinted X-linked locus affecting cognitive function Nature 1997 387 6634 705 8 9192895 source
- Not checked yetcites [54] Creswell C Skuse D Autism in association with Turner syndrome: Genetic implications for male vulnerability to pervasive developmental disorders Neurocase 1999 5 511 518 source
- Not checked yetcites [55,56*]
- Not checked yetcites [57,58**]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“RORA regulates expression of aromatase, the enzyme that converts androgens to estrogens, and is reciprocally activated by estradiol and inhibited by testosterone [75*].”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex hormonal contributors to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75*]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“3.84 M:F also reported for this clinical sample”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plainn = 14,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“ASD cases documented in Taiwanese government registry found to be more prevalent in males (M:F near 6:1)”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The first population screening for ASD prevalence in children in South Korea.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Large-scale prevalence estimates for co-morbidities in 14,000 ASD cases from retrospective examination of hospital records”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plainn = 14,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“possibly due to the rigorous surveillance of ASD symptoms in this sample”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“reporting an overall prevalence of 1 in 88 (1.1%), up from 1 in 110 in 2009”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“although a study of unaffected Japanese adults found no correlation between salivary testosterone levels and autistic-like traits [72].”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex hormonal contributors to ASD risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] Takagishi H Takahashi T Yamagishi T Salivary testosterone levels and autism-spectrum quotient in adults Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2010 31 6 837 41 21196912
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ASD risk is likely to be multifactorial, with many different genetic variants and environmental factors contributing to liability, and still other sex-differential genetic and hormonal factors acting to potentiate risk to males and/or attenuate risk to females (Figure 1B).”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These regulatory relationships may create a feedback loop that further elevates testosterone levels”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex hormonal contributors to ASD risk
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“hypogonadism in XXY males in the face of a nearly 10-fold increase in ASD prevalence suggests that the role of the hormonal milieu in ASD liability is likely complex and may be mediated by other risk factors.”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex hormonal contributors to ASD risk
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Examination of the relationship between IQ, age, SES, sex, and race and autistic symptoms in 777 children, only IQ and age are found to have significant effects on ASD severity”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] source
plaincorrelationaln = 777- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“finding a higher-than-expected rate of ASDs overall (2.64%)”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The most recent report from the US CDC on ASD prevalence”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“supporting the multiple threshold model for ASD liability in which affected females have a higher genetic liability”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] source
plaincorrelationaln = 970- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and M:F of 9:1”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evidence suggests that sex chromosomal gene dosage and sex hormone levels may be involved in setting sex-specific liability thresholds”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“identified a high proportion of autistic females in a general population (non-clinical) sample (M:F 2.5:1)”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and a low M:F of 2:1”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“gonadal dysgenesis is common in TS and KS, causing abnormally low postnatal estrogen and testosterone levels, respectively, whereas testosterone levels are normal prenatally in KS and throughout life in 47,XYY cases [79,80].”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex hormonal contributors to ASD risk
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and in urban areas (urban:rural about 2.5:1)”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Population-based survey for ASDs among adults living in households (non-institutionalized) in England finds prevalence of 0.98%”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A recent, large, population-based twin study of ASD concordance”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Findings of ~60% concordance rate in monozygotic and ~25% concordance in dizygotic twin pairs”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Correlation of males’ fetal testosterone level with volume of brain regions found to be sexually dimorphic in size from a large data set of structural MRI images of brains from male and female children”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The first identified autosomal risk variant for ASD with clear male-specific penetrance”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“with the highest rate (50% of 26 subjects) in 47,XYY cases”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] source
plaincorrelationaln = 26- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Behavioral problems were also found to be more severe in the 47,XYY group”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] source
plaincorrelationaln = 26- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“finding several CNV events that recur independently in unrelated cases”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This study identifies rare, de novo CNVs in sporadic ASD cases”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“finding a handful of genes that are recurrently hit by these rare variants”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“supports a role for these rare variants in ASD risk”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] source
plainconditionaln = 1,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“and suggest that the gestational environment play a significant role in ASD susceptibility”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Finds a negative correlation between presentation of autistic traits and a measurement of cognitive flexibility in cases with Klinefelter syndrome”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“and a potential association between these behaviors and performance on executive function tasks”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Identification of rare, de novo CNVs in sporadic autistic cases from nearly 1000 simplex families”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] source
plainn = 1,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“have recalibrated heritability estimates for ASD”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“recurrence rate in siblings is 26.2% for males and 9.1% for females, regardless of the sex of their older autistic sibling”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Prospective study finds a recurrence risk of 18.7% for siblings of autistic probands”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“males with a microdeletion in SHANK1 are autistic, while related female carriers are not affected with ASD”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Parental accounts report a greater degree of internalizing behaviors and depressive symptoms in females than males with ASDs”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and two ASD-associated co-expression modules that may represent expression changes caused by primary effects of genetic risk, and secondary effects of downstream pathophysiology”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“transcription of RORA is activated by testosterone and inhibited by estrogen”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finding of integral role for RORA, a gene downregulated in ASD, in sex hormone metabolism”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
ASD transmission in most families does not follow an X-linked pattern.
“ASD transmission in most families does not follow an X-linked pattern”
The paper relies on this without support.
Several ASD risk genes on the X chromosome all cause significant intellectual disability.
“while several ASD risk genes have been identified on the X chromosome (e.g. FMRP, MECP2, NLGN3, NLGN4X), all cause significant ID”
The paper relies on this without support.
40-50% of Klinefelter syndrome cases arise from maternal nondisjunction of the X chromosome.
“Since 40-50% of KS cases arise from maternal nondisjunction of the X”
The paper relies on this without support.
RORA has a role in cerebellar and Purkinje cell development and in neuroprotection from oxidative stress.
“since RORA has a role in cerebellar and Purkinje cell development, and neuroprotection from oxidative stress.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sex chromosomal abnormalities frequently affect gonadal function.
“sex chromosomal abnormalities frequently affect gonadal function.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“There are also several clinical differences between boys and girls with ASD: more externalizing behavior (e.g., aggressive outbursts, social impairment, hyperactivity, restricted behaviors and interests) in boys and more internalizing symptoms in girls (e.g., depression, anxiety, emotional symptoms) (37).”
From Where Sex Meets Gender: How Sex and Gender Come Together to Cause Sex Differences in Mental Illness (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“There is a current lack of consideration of the demonstrated age-dependent sex differences in the symptomatology related with impairments in social communication and interaction, expressive behaviour, reciprocal conversation, non-verbal gestures for diagnostic purposes123.”
From Sex and gender differences and biases in artificial intelligence for biomedicine and healthcare (2020) · cites this paper as [123]
In the citing paper
“There is little evidence, however, that siblings of female probands exhibit a differential risk for the occurrence of categorical ASD [8, 21, 23–25].”
From Early sex differences are not autism-specific: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium (BSRC) study (2015) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“and may have a higher threshold for the impact of the multifactorial array of genetic and environmental factors thought to be responsible for ASD [21].”
From Early sex differences are not autism-specific: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium (BSRC) study (2015) · cites this paper as [21]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > Sex hormonal contributors to ASD risk
“RORA regulates expression of aromatase, the enzyme that converts androgens to estrogens, and is reciprocally activated by estradiol and inhibited by testosterone [75*].”
§ Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders > References
“transcription of RORA is activated by testosterone and inhibited by estrogen, and RORA stimulates expression of aromatase.”
Citations
Cites
(1943) · The Nervous child · Cited by 8,870
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Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with autism
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“7:1 [7], and a commonly referenced consensus ratio of ~4:1.”
BackgroundGenetic Heritability and Shared Environmental Factors Among Twin Pairs With Autism
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“Owing to the major role of genetics,(96) most models concern genetic liability and are tested by population genetic studies, although broadened etiological models have also been proposed.(97) There are at least 4”
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Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Werling, D. M., & Geschwind, D. H.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Geschwind, Daniel H.
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Neurology
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 146-153
- ISSN
- 1350-7540 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4164392
- OpenAlex
- W2087547434
- Semantic Scholar
- bbd81fd1f3129ff84b20eda96b5e62667cf4239d
- Cited by
- 1,245
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 85 · 2025: 95 · 2024: 109 · 2023: 125 · 2022: 119 · 2021: 144 · 2020: 161 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 89 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 20
- FWCI
- 4.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (F31MH093086)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, sex differences, sex differences in phenotype, restricted and repetitive behaviors, externalizing problems, de novo mutations, sex chromosome genes, sex hormones, testosterone, neuroendocrinology, genetic risk
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Characteristics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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