Cited by 2,001Sex and Gender in HealthcareDiversity and Career in MedicineGender, Health, and Social Inequality

Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine

Open access
Mauvais-Jarvis, Franck, Bairey Merz, Noel, Barnes, Peter J, Brinton, Roberta D, Carrero, Juan-Jesus, DeMeo, Dawn L, De Vries, Geert J, Epperson, C Neill +10 more·2020·The Lancet

Abstract

Clinicians can encounter sex and gender disparities in diagnostic and therapeutic responses. These disparities are noted in epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, disease progression, and response to treatment. This Review discusses the fundamental influences of sex and gender as modifiers of the major causes of death and morbidity. We articulate how the genetic, epigenetic, and hormonal influences of biological sex influence physiology and disease, and how the social constructs of gender affect the behaviour of the community, clinicians, and patients in the health-care system and interact with pathobiology. We aim to guide clinicians and researchers to consider sex and gender in their approach to diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases as a necessary and fundamental step towards precision medicine, which will benefit men's and women's health.

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Crossref · 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31561-0

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203 of 203 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Achievement of MASH resolution requires moderate body weight reduction for men, whereas much greater weight loss is required for resolution in pre-menopausal women.

    “Remarkably, achievement of MASH resolution requires moderate body weight reduction for men, whereas much greater weight loss is required for resolution in pre-menopausal women [30].”

    From Obesity and MASLD: Is weight loss the (only) key to treat metabolic liver disease? (2024) · cites this paper as [30]

    The Chronic liver disease section says that steatohepatitis resolution requires moderate bodyweight reduction in men and much greater weight loss in women. It does not limit that finding to premenopausal women; the table in Conclusions and perspectives discusses menopausal status for disease risk, but not for the weight-loss requirement. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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  • Sex and gender are important determinants of health outcomes.

    “Sex and gender are important determinants of health outcomes.58”
  • Sex-related and gender-related attributes separately and jointly moderate many human health outcomes.

    “Sex-related and gender-related attributes separately and jointly act as moderators of many human health outcomes7,52.”

    From Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions (2023) · cites this paper as [7]

  • It is not known whether GLP-1 RAs are equally beneficial in women.

    “It is not known whether these newer diabetes medications are equally beneficial in women [12,13].”

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. [41]Regitz-Zagrosek V Oertelt-Prigione S Prescott E Gender in cardiovascular diseases: impact on clinical manifestations, management, and outcomes Eur Heart J 37 2016 24 34 26530104
  2. [126]Benjamin EJ Muntner P Alonso A Heart disease and stroke statistics—2019 update: a report from the American Heart Association Circulation 139 2019 e56 e528 30700139

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Authors
Mauvais-Jarvis, F., Bairey Merz, N., Barnes, P. J., Brinton, R. D., Carrero, J.-J., DeMeo, D. L., De Vries, G. J., Epperson, C. N., Govindan, R., Klein, S. L., Lonardo, A., Maki, P. M., McCullough, L. D., Regitz-Zagrosek, V., Regensteiner, J. G., Rubin, J. B., Sandberg, K., & Suzuki, A.
Affiliations
  • Imperial College London (GB)
  • University of Arizona (US)
  • Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
  • University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
  • Washington University in St. Louis (US)
  • Johns Hopkins University (US)
  • University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (IT)
  • University of Illinois Chicago (US)
  • The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
  • Georgetown University (US)
  • Duke Medical Center (US)
Venue
The Lancet
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2020-08
Volume
396
Issue
10250
Pages
565-582
ISSN
  • 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
  • 0140-6736
OpenAlex
W3057302762
Cited by
2,001
References
203
Citations by year
2026: 262 · 2025: 346 · 2024: 436 · 2023: 324 · 2022: 311 · 2021: 282 · 2020: 38 · 2012: 1
FWCI
39.98
Type
journal article
Language
en
Update notices
erratum (2020-09-05)
Open access
Locations
  • The Lancet (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Universität Zürich
  • National Institutes of Health (HL105339, HD057022, DK074970, DK107444, AG059093, HL132825, AG060730, AG057931, AG062333, AG026572, CA174737, NS08779, AG053589, HL114501, HL119380, NS096493)
  • U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (BX003725, CX001532)
  • VetenskapsrÃ¥det (2019–01059)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Diversity and Career in Medicine
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
Keywords
sex differences, gender differences, sex as a biological variable, sex hormones, epigenetics, biological sex, gender construction, precision medicine, women's health, men's health, disease susceptibility, treatment response
MeSH terms
Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Acute Disease, Cause of Death, Chronic Disease, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Pneumonia, Viral, Sex Characteristics, Sex Factors, Sex Distribution, Coronavirus Infections, Precision Medicine, Pandemics

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