Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in the Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Pilot Study
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) uses a medical device that applies magnetic pulses noninvasively to the cortex of the brain to depolarize neurons. We tested its safety and efficacy in young persons with a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: Transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied to the right prefrontal cortex at 10 Hz, at 100% of the observed motor threshold, for 2000 pulses per session, in a 10-session course over 2 weeks in a sham-controlled crossover design (n=9). There was 1 week of no TMS between the active and sham phases. Safety of TMS was assessed by means of serial audiometry, neuropsychological testing, and electroencephalogram (EEG) at baseline, midpoint, and end point of the study. Efficacy was assessed as a primary outcome by changes in the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) scale and secondarily by change in the ADHD-IV scale. RESULTS: Transcranial magnetic stimulation was found to be safe, with no serious adverse events and no discontinuations due to adverse effects. All randomized subjects completed the full course of sessions. There were no significant changes in auditory thresholds or in electroencephalographic assessments. Neuropsychological testing showed no significant differences between active and sham groups. There was an overall significant improvement in the clinical global impression of improvement and the ADHD-IV scales across the study phases (active and sham TMS combined; P<0.01), but the change between active and sham TMS phases did not differ. CONCLUSION: Transcranial magnetic stimulation was found to be safe, with no serious adverse events observed in this pilot study. Improvement in symptoms was observed across the combined phases of the study, although there was no difference between the active and sham forms of TMS. Effects of clinical importance should be further assessed in larger controlled studies.
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In Weaver et al. (2012), clinical improvement was shown in both sham and real rTMS groups, suggesting placebo effects, while no effects were observed for neuropsychological or EEG measures.
“Clinical improvement were shown in both the sham and the real rTMS groups, suggesting placebo effects, while no effects were observed for neuropsychological or EEG measures (Weaver et al., 2012).”
From Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation (2018) · cites this paper as Weaver et al., 2012
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“Clinical improvement were shown in both the sham and the real rTMS groups, suggesting placebo effects, while no effects were observed for neuropsychological or EEG measures (Weaver et al., 2012).”
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Gilbert, D. L. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812777-3.00006-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
1671 – Use Of Transcranial Magnetic Stimuaiation (tms And Rtms) In Adhd
Ellis, H. L., & Zaman, R. (2013) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(13)76660-4
TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION: A BRIEF CONSPECTUS AND AREA OF THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION
Kim, Y. K., & Oh, S.-Y. (2015) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.1123.5041
Neuromodulation in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Toward a Precision Psychiatry Approach
Salerno, L., Gaur, S., Grassi, G., & Pallanti, S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43356-7_9
Iravani, B., Arshamian, A., Fransson, P., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.084491
“It is therefore perhaps not overly surprising that previous attempts to apply TMS for the purpose of alleviating symptoms in ADHD have failed to show any significant therapeutic effect (Weaver et al., 2012).”
ResultUse of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurodevelopment
Noda, Y. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817988-8.00038-5
Davidson, B., Ibrahim, G. M., & Rutka, J. T. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31512-6_102-1
Grandjean, M., Hochman, S., Mukherjee, R., & Kadosh, R. C. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.05.30.23290708
Hung, K.-C., Cheng, C.-M., Liang, S.-C., Sun, C., Chen, C.-M., Cheng, Y., & Chiu, H. (2023) · doi:10.2196/preprints.53381
Auer, G. A., Pruewasser, L., Scharinger, C., Laczkovics, C., Zesch, E., Plener, P. L., Antal, A., Koenig, J., & Konicar, L. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106258
- Authors
- Weaver, L., Rostain, A. L., Mace, W., Akhtar, U., Moss, E., & O’Reardon, J. P.
- Affiliations
- Magstim (United Kingdom) (GB)
- ORCID
- Moss, Edward
- Venue
- The Journal of ECT
- Published
- 2012-06
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 98-103
- ISSN
- 1095-0680 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1967686787
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Ect (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Keywords
- transcranial magnetic stimulation, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, adolescents, young adults, right prefrontal cortex, non-invasive brain stimulation, treatment safety, treatment efficacy, neuropsychological outcomes, hearing threshold
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Audiometry, Mental Disorders, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Pilot Projects, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Treatment Outcome, Prefrontal Cortex, Cross-Over Studies, Endpoint Determination, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Young Adult
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