Positive effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder–a pilot randomized controlled study
Abstract
Almost 30% of adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) do not respond or tolerate standard pharmacological interventions. Few clinical investigations addressed the efficacy and tolerability of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a non-invasive neuromodulatory technique, in the disorder. We performed a double-blind, sham-controlled randomized clinical trial in 17 patients with ADHD. The set up for tDCS was the following: 2mA/20min/day for 5 days with the anode over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and cathode over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. ADHD symptoms were measured by the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) and impairment with the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) in four different time points after stimulation. Participants achieved significant lower ASRS inattention and SDS scores after active tDCS in comparison with sham stimulation group. In addition, we detected a trend for a lower ASRS total score in the active tDCS group. Follow up data analysis revealed a positive interaction between time and treatment in both ASRS inattention, SDS and ASRS total scores. Short-term application of tDCS in adult patients with ADHD improved their symptoms, and this improvement persisted after the end of the stimulation. Future studies with larger sample sizes are needed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
All symptom improvements in the Cachoeira et al. study were still significant 2 weeks after stimulation, suggesting longer-term effects.
“furthermore, all symptom improvements were still significant 2 weeks after stimulation, suggesting longer-term effects (Cachoeira et al., 2017).”
From Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation (2018) · cites this paper as Cachoeira et al., 2017
Cites
CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials
the CONSORT Group, Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-8-18 · Cited by 13,371 · see citing works
Nitsche, M. A., & Paulus, W. (2000) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x · Cited by 5,656 · see citing works
KESSLER, R. C., ADLER, L., AMES, M., DEMLER, O., FARAONE, S., HIRIPI, E., HOWES, M. J., JIN, R., SECNIK, K., SPENCER, T., et al. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704002892 · Cited by 3,452 · see citing works
Transcranial direct current stimulation: State of the art 2008
Nitsche, M. A., Cohen, L. G., Wassermann, E. M., Priori, A., Lang, N., Antal, A., Paulus, W., Hummel, F., Boggio, P. S., Fregni, F., et al. (2008) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2008.06.004 · Cited by 3,057 · see citing works
Sheehan, D. V., Harnett-Sheehan, K., & Raj, B. A. (1996) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004850-199606003-00015 · Cited by 1,440 · see citing works
Brunoni, A. R., Amadera, J. E. D., Berbel, B., Volz, M. S., Rizzerio, B. G., & Fregni, F. (2011) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145710001690 · Cited by 1,219 · see citing works
Self-citationAnodal transcranial direct current stimulation of prefrontal cortex enhances working memory
Fregni, F., Boggio, P. S., Nitsche, M., Bermpohl, F., Antal, A., Feredoes, E., Marcolin, M. A., Rigonatti, S. P., Silva, M. T. A., Paulus, W., et al. (2005) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-005-2334-6 · Cited by 1,159 · see citing works
Fregni, F., & Pascual-Leone, Á. (2007) · Nature Clinical Practice Neurology · doi:10.1038/ncpneuro0530 · Cited by 845 · see citing works
Ghashghaei, H. T., & Barbas, H. (2002) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00446-3 · Cited by 785 · see citing works
Hart, H., Radua, J., Nakao, T., Mataix-Cols, D., & Rubia, K. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.277 · Cited by 764 · see citing works
Validity of pilot Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) to rate adult ADHD symptoms
Adler, L. A., Spencer, T., Faraone, S. V., Kessler, R. C., Howes, M. J., Biederman, J., & Secnik, K. (2006) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/10401230600801077 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Cautionary Statement for Forensic Use of DSM-5
(2014) · Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.744053 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
The Sertraline vs Electrical Current Therapy for Treating Depression Clinical Study
Brunoni, A. R., Valiengo, L. D. C. L., Baccaro, A., Zanao, T. A., de Oliveira, J. F., Goulart, A. C., Boggio, P. S., Lotufo, P. A., Benseñor, I. M., & Fregni, F. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.32 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Self-citationTranscranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Depression
Fitzgerald, P. B., Brown, T. L., Marston, N., Daskalakis, Z. J., de Castella, A. R., & Kulkarni, J. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.9.1002 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Zaehle, T., Sandmann, P., Thorne, J. D., Jäncke, L., & Herrmann, C. S. (2011) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-12-2 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Faraone, S. V., & Glatt, S. J. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.08m04902pur · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Keck, M. E., Welt, T., Müller, M. B., Erhardt, A., Ohl, F., Toschi, N., Holsboer, F., & Sillaber, I. (2002) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0028-3908(02)00069-2 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
tDCS selectively improves working memory in older adults with more education
Berryhill, M. E., & Jones, K. T. (2012) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.074 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Diagnosis and evaluation of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Adler, L., & Cohen, J. (2004) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2003.12.003 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Mania: A Controlled Study
Grisaru, N., Chudakov, B., Yaroslavsky, Y., & Belmaker, R. H. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.11.1608 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Literature Review: ADHD in Adults
Davidson, M. A. (2007) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054707310878 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Smith, R. C., Boules, S., Mattiuz, S., Youssef, M., Tobe, R. H., Sershen, H. W., Lajtha, Á., Nolan, K. A., Amiaz, R., & Davis, J. M. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.06.011 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Prehn-Kristensen, A., Munz, M., Göder, R., Wilhelm, I., Korr, K., Vahl, W., Wiesner, C. D., & Baving, L. (2014) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2014.07.036 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Adler, L., Spencer, T., Brown, T. E., Holdnack, J., Saylor, K. E., Schuh, K., Trzepacz, P., Williams, D., & Kelsey, D. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e318192e4a0 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Improvement of the Working Memory and Naming by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
Jeon, S. Y., & Han, S. J. (2012) · Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.5535/arm.2012.36.5.585 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Zangen, A., & Hyodo, K. (2002) · NeuroReport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200212200-00005 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Oliveira, J. F., Zanão, T. A., Valiengo, L., Lotufo, P. A., Benseñor, I. M., Fregni, F., & Brunoni, A. R. (2013) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.01.023 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationSoltaninejad, Z., Nejati, V., & Ekhtiari, H. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715618792 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Transcranial direct-current stimulation increases extracellular dopamine levels in the rat striatum
Tanaka, T., Takano, Y., Tanaka, S., Hironaka, N., Kobayashi, K., Hanakawa, T., Watanabe, K., & Honda, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2013.00006 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Gray, S., Woltering, S., Mawjee, K., & Tannock, R. (2014) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.324 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Bloch, Y., Harel, E. V., Aviram, S., Govezensky, J., RATZONI, G., & Levkovitz, Y. (2010) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2010.484466 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Weaver, L., Rostain, A. L., Mace, W., Akhtar, U., Moss, E., & O’Reardon, J. P. (2012) · The Journal of ECT · doi:10.1097/yct.0b013e31824532c8 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Bandeira, I. D., Guimarães, R. S. Q., Jagersbacher, J. G., Barretto, T. L., de Jesus-Silva, J. R., Santos, S. N., Argollo, N., & Lucena, R. (2016) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073816630083 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Wu, Y., Tseng, P. H., Chang, C.-F., Pai, M., Hsu, K., Lin, C. K., & Juan, C.-H. (2014) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2014.09.002 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Improving interference control in ADHD patients with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
Breitling, C., Zaehle, T., Dannhauer, M., Bonath, B., Tegelbeckers, J., Flechtner, H.-H., & Krauel, K. (2016) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2016.00072 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Munz, M. T., Prehn-Kristensen, A., Thielking, F., Mölle, M., Göder, R., & Baving, L. (2015) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00307 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Santosh, P. J., Sattar, S., & Canagaratnam, M. (2011) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/11593070-000000000-00000 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Giglia, G., Brighina, F., Rizzo, S., Puma, A. R., Indovino, S., Maccora, S., Baschi, R., Cosentino, G., & Fierro, B. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Cosmo, C. S. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00111 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Leffa, D. T., de Souza, A., Scarabelot, V. L., Medeiros, L. F., de Oliveira, C., Grevet, E. H., Caumo, W., de Souza, D. O., Rohde, L. A. P., & Torres, I. L. S. (2016) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.11.012 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationNiederhofer, H. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Castells, X., Cunill, R., & Capellà, D. (2013) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-012-1390-7 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Niederhofer, H. (2011) · Clinics and Practice · doi:10.4081/cp.2012.e8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ustohal, L., Přikryl, R., Kučerová, H. P., Sisrová, M., Stehnová, I., Venclíková, S., Vrzalová, M., & Češková, E. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 45 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rubia, K. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00100 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Nejati, V., Salehinejad, M. A., Nitsche, M. A., Najian, A., & Javadi, A.-H. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054717730611 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Transcranial direct current brain stimulation decreases impulsivity in ADHD
Allenby, C. E., Falcone, M., Bernardo, L., Wileyto, E. P., Rostain, A. L., Ramsay, J. R., Lerman, C. E., & Loughead, J. (2018) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2018.04.016 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Salehinejad, M. A., Wischnewski, M., Nejati, V., Vicario, C. M., & Nitsche, M. A. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215095 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Salehinejad, M. A., Nejati, V., Mosayebi-Samani, M., Mohammadi, A., Wischnewski, M., Kuo, M.-F., Avenanti, A., Vicario, C. M., & Nitsche, M. A. (2020) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-020-00501-x · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Westwood, S. J., Raduà, J., & Rubia, K. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.190179 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Fukai, M., Bunai, T., Hirosawa, T., Kikuchi, M., Ito, S., Minabe, Y., & Ouchi, Y. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0443-4 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Leffa, D. T., Grevet, E. H., Bau, C. H. D., Schneider, M., Ferrazza, C. P., da Silva, R. F., Miranda, M., Picon, F. A., Teche, S. P., Sanches, P., et al. (2022) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2055 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurotherapeutics for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Review
Rubia, K., Westwood, S. J., Aggensteiner, P.-M., & Brandeis, D. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10082156 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Eye blink rate increases as a function of cognitive load during an auditory oddball paradigm
Magliacano, A., Fiorenza, S., Estraneo, A., & Trojano, L. (2020) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135293 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Treatment of adult ADHD: a clinical perspective
Geffen, J., & Forster, K. (2018) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125317734977 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Breitling, C., Zaehle, T., Dannhauer, M., Tegelbeckers, J., Flechtner, H., & Krauel, K. (2020) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2019.12.412 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Gilmore, C. S., Dickmann, P. J., Nelson, B. G., Lamberty, G. J., & Lim, K. O. (2017) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2017.11.011 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Alyagon, U., Shahar, H., Hadar, A. A., Barnea‐Ygael, N., Lazarovits, A., Shalev, H., & Zangen, A. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102206 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Westwood, S. J., Criaud, M., Lam, S.-L., Lukito, S., Wallace-Hanlon, S., Kowalczyk, O. S., Kostara, A., Mathew, J. P., Agbedjro, D., Wexler, B. E., et al. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721001859 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Li, Q., Fu, Y., Liu, C., & Meng, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.893955 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Ulke, C., Rullmann, M., Huang, J., Luthardt, J., Becker, G.-A., Patt, M., Meyer, P. M., Tiepolt, S., Hesse, S., Sabri, O., et al. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0619-y · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Leffa, D. T., Bellaver, B., Salvi, A. A., de Oliveira, C., Caumo, W., Grevet, E. H., Fregni, F., Quincozes‐Santos, A., Rohde, L. A., & Torres, I. L. D. S. (2018) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2018.04.001 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationLü, H., Gong, Y. R., Huang, P., Zhang, Y., Guo, Z., Zhu, X., & You, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.583730 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Breitling-Ziegler, C., Zaehle, T., Wellnhofer, C., Dannhauer, M., Tegelbeckers, J., Baumann, V., Flechtner, H., & Krauel, K. (2021) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.014 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Dakwar-Kawar, O., Mairon, N., Hochman, S., Berger, I., Kadosh, R. C., & Nahum, M. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02547-7 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Neuromodulation and Cognitive Control of Emotion
Amidfar, M., Ko, Y., & Kim, Y. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_27 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Cosmo, C. S. A., DiBiasi, M., Lima, V. L. C. C., Grecco, L. A. C., Muszkat, M., Philip, N. S., & de Sena, E. P. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.054 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Brauer, H., Breitling-Ziegler, C., Moliadze, V., Galling, B., & Prehn‐Kristensen, A. (2021) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.013 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Martínez‐Pérez, V., Tortajada, M., Palmero, L. B., Campoy, G., & Fuentes, L. J. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-04607-8 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Klomjai, W., Siripornpanich, V., Aneksan, B., Vimolratana, O., Permpoonputtana, K., Tretriluxana, J., & Thichanpiang, P. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.02.032 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Sierawska, A., Prehn-Kristensen, A., Moliadze, V., Krauel, K., Nowak, R., Freitag, C., Siniatchkin, M., & Buyx, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00334 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Westwood, S. J., Bozhilova, N. S., Criaud, M., Lam, S.-L., Lukito, S., Wallace-Hanlon, S., Kowalczyk, O. S., Kostara, A., Mathew, J. P., Wexler, B. E., et al. (2021) · IBRO Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.12.005 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Barham, H., Büyükgök, D., Aksu, S., Soyata, A. Z., Bulut, G., Eskicioğlu, G., & Kulaksızoğlu, I. B. (2022) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136883 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Kannen, K., Aslan, B., Boetzel, C., Herrmann, C. S., Lux, S., Rosén, H., Selaskowski, B., Wiebe, A., Philipsen, A., & Braun, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.928145 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Neurotherapeutics for ADHD : Do they work?
Rubia, K. (2022) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.544 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lipka, R., Ahlers, E., Reed, T. L., Karstens, M. I., Nguyen, V., Bajbouj, M., & Kadosh, R. C. (2020) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113586 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
MRI-Guided Regional Personalized Electrical Stimulation in Multisession and Home Treatments
Cancelli, A., Cottone, C., Giordani, A., Asta, G., Lupoi, D., Pizzella, V., & Tecchio, F. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00284 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Guimarães, R. S. Q., Bandeira, I. D., Barretto, B. L., Wanke, T., Alves, C. O. C., Barretto, T. L., de Carvalho, C. F., Dorea-Bandeira, I., Tolentino, A. C., Lins-Silva, D. H., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1217407 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Zhang, D., Johnstone, S. J., Sauce, B., Arns, M., Sun, L., & Jiang, H. (2023) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110802 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Guimarães, R. S. Q., Bandeira, I. D., Barretto, B. L., Barretto, T. L., Wanke, T., Alves, C. O. C., de Carvalho, C. F., de Lucena, P. H. M., Rodrigues-Silva, L., & Lucena, R. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000024283 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Effects of transcranial stimulation in developmental neurocognitive disorders: A critical appraisal
Santos, F. H., Mosbacher, J. A., Menghini, D., Rubia, K., Grabner, R. H., & Kadosh, R. C. (2021) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.012 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Chen, Q., Pan, N., Long, Y., Qin, K., Sangchooli, A., Cao, Y., Singh, M. K., Chen, Y., & Gong, Q. (2025) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2025.07.009 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mauche, N., Ulke, C., Huang, J., Franke, A., Bogatsch, H., Ethofer, T., Grimm, O., Frodl, T., Hoffmann, K., Juckel, G., et al. (2023) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-023-01652-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Courrèges, M., Hoareau, M., Lévénès, C., & Rahioui, H. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119585 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Yacoub, M., Smith, S., Abbas, B., Iqbal, F., Jazieh, C., Shaer, N. S. H. A., Luk, C., & Syed, N. I. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14171367 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Moezzi, S., Ghoshuni, M., & Amiri, M. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02190-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Yao, Y., Wang, X., & Feng, T. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14121237 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Research progress of tDCS in the treatment of ADHD
Huang, R., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-024-02853-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES): History, Theoretical Foundations and Applications
Mahdavi, A., Ahmadi, F., Tabrizi, E. H. A., Gharaian, H., Kooteh, B. R., Imaninasab, V., & Azadbakht, S. (2022) · The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam · doi:10.52547/shefa.11.1.69 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hirosawa, T., Soma, D., Miyagishi, Y., Furutani, N., Yoshimura, Y., Kameya, M., Yamaguchi, Y., Yaoi, K., Sano, M., Kitamura, K., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1156617 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Neurodevelopmental Disorders
D’Urso, G., Toscano, E., Gallo, G., & de Bartolomeis, A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43356-7_20 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Leffa, D. T., & Rohde, L. A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76136-3_28 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationMoezzi, S., Ghoshuni, M., & Amiri, M. (2020) · The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam · doi:10.52547/shefa.9.1.25 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Steen-García, L., Jiménez, R. F., & Ibáñez-Alfonso, J. A. (2024) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.7909.2024294 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Yuan, S., Lin, H., Han, Y., Zhang, B., & Yu, J. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03303-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Liang, X., Wei, X., Huang, Y. Q., Li, J., Feng, H., Fan, J., Zhang, L., Wang, Z., Zhao, X., Pan, W., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1650154 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Digital health technologies for adults with ADHD: a scoping review
Schofield, F. J., Wilkie, S., Nielsen, E. E., Brigden, A., Jones, M. W., & Isotalus, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2026.1746732 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Uchida, T., Matsuzawa, D., Shiohama, T., Fujii, K., Shiina, A., Naka, M., Sugita, K., Shimizu, E., Shimojo, N., & Hamada, H. (2024) · Open Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4236/ojpsych.2024.144019 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
da Silva, P. H. R., Leffa, D. T., Luethi, M. S., da Silva, R. F., Ferrazza, C. P., Picon, F. A., Grevet, E. H., Bau, C. H. D., Rovaris, D. L., Razza, L. B., et al. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.07.042 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationfMRI-Based Neurotherapies for ADHD
Rubia, K. (2018) · The ADHD Report · doi:10.1521/adhd.2018.26.6.1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Adult ADHD: Future Directions for Practice and Research
Pallanti, S., & Salerno, L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39051-8_20 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Davidson, B., Ibrahim, G. M., & Rutka, J. T. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72168-2_102 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
tDCS and neurofeedback in ADHD treatment
Bernadotte, A., & Zinchenko, O. O. (2025) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2025.1444283 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Li, J., Hou, X., Fan, Q., & Chen, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1747588 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Combining transcranial brain stimulation and PET/SPECT molecular imaging
Cho, S. S., & Strafella, A. P. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198832256.013.25 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Adherence-Promoting Design Features in Pediatric Neurostimulators for ADHD Patients
Delatte, W., Camp, A., Kreider, R. B., & Guiseppi‐Elie, A. (2024) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering11050502 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation-Psychiatric Application and Its Current Status
Pyungkyu, K., & Kim, D. (2017) · Saengmul jeongsin euihag/Saengmul jeongsin uihak · doi:10.22857/kjbp.2017.24.4.002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Towards Bidirectional Brain-computer Interfaces that Use fNIRS and tDCS
Hincks, S. W., DeBellis, M., Lee, E. Y., ten Brink, R., Moëll, B., & Jacob, R. (2017) · International Conference on Physiological Computing Systems (PhyCS) · doi:10.5220/0006380500570064
Neuromodulation in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Toward a Precision Psychiatry Approach
Salerno, L., Gaur, S., Grassi, G., & Pallanti, S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43356-7_9
Neuroimaging and neurotherapeutics for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Rubia, K. (2021) · ANALES RANM · doi:10.32440/ar.2021.138.02.rev02
Davidson, B., Ibrahim, G. M., & Rutka, J. T. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31512-6_102-1
Baghdadi, G., Towhidkhah, F., & Rajabi, M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90935-8.00009-3
Pires, J. M., & Cavalcante, I. C. S. (2022) · Editora Omnis Scietia eBooks · doi:10.47094/978-65-5854-735-8/157-170
Salemi, M. H., & Gharamaleki, N. S. (2024) · Journal of Health Reports and Technology · doi:10.5812/jhrt-143420 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Vasconcelos, L. E. B., Vera, R. F., Díaz-Castro, L., & Cabello-Rangel, H. (2023) · Journal of Global Health Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.52872/001c.128244
Wang, L., Liao, W., & Yang, R. (2025) · ALPHA PSYCHIATRY · doi:10.31083/ap47294 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wen, Y.-H., Pan, W.-F., Sun, C., Cheng, Y., & Hung, K. (2025) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-025-02162-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation to treat attention disorders (ADHD)
Crunelle, C. L., & Schellekens, A. F. A. (2025) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-26602-7.00016-6
Zhang, T., & Adamis, D. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.01.030
Historical development of ADHD from 1753 to 2026
Salehpour, F., & Gonzalez-Lima, F. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1938091
Cui, H., Wang, G., Wang, S., Tang, R., Li, Y., Jiang, W., Wei, Y., Zhang, T., Xu, L., Jiang, L., et al. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117464
Kerkel, K., Reißmann, A., Treml, L., Schecklmann, M., Jacob, G. A., Osnabruegge, M., Langguth, B., & Schoisswohl, S. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117515
- Authors
- Cachoeira, C. T., Leffa, D. T., Mittelstadt, S. D., Mendes, L. S. T., Brunoni, A. R., Pinto, J. V., Blazius, V., Machado, V., Bau, C. H. D., Rohde, L. A., Grevet, E. H., & Schestatsky, P.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Cachoeira, Carolina Tosetto
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-01
- Volume
- 247
- Pages
- 28-32
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2555971849
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 2.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Keywords
- transcranial direct current stimulation, adult ADHD, non-invasive brain stimulation, neuromodulation, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inattention, functional disability, treatment tolerability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Pilot Projects, Treatment Outcome, Prefrontal Cortex, Self Report, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
