Cited by 385Infection Control and VentilationInhalation and Respiratory Drug DeliveryFluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer

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Characterizations of particle size distribution of the droplets exhaled by sneeze

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Han, Z. Y., Weng, W. G., Huang, Q. Y.·2013·Journal of The Royal Society Interface

DOI 10.1098/rsif.2013.0560PMC PMC3785820

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Abstract

This work focuses on the size distribution of sneeze droplets exhaled immediately at mouth. Twenty healthy subjects participated in the experiment and 44 sneezes were measured by using a laser particle size analyser. Two types of distributions are observed: unimodal and bimodal. For each sneeze, the droplets exhaled at different time in the sneeze duration have the same distribution characteristics with good time stability. The volume-based size distributions of sneeze droplets can be represented by a lognormal distribution function, and the relationship between the distribution parameters and the physiological characteristics of the subjects are studied by using linear regression analysis. The geometric mean of the droplet size of all the subjects is 360.1 µm for unimodal distribution and 74.4 µm for bimodal distribution with geometric standard deviations of 1.5 and 1.7, respectively. For the two peaks of the bimodal distribution, the geometric mean (the geometric standard deviation) is 386.2 µm (1.8) for peak 1 and 72.0 µm (1.5) for peak 2. The influences of the measurement method, the limitations of the instrument, the evaporation effects of the droplets, the differences of biological dynamic mechanism and characteristics between sneeze and other respiratory activities are also discussed.

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Authors: Han, Z. Y., Weng, W. G., & Huang, Q. Y.
Affiliations: Tsinghua University (CN)
ORCID: Han, Z. Y.
Weng, W. G.
Huang, Q. Y.
Venue: Journal of The Royal Society Interface
Publisher: The Royal Society
Published: 2013-11-06
Volume: 10
Issue: 88
Pages: 20130560-20130560
ISSN: 1742-5662 (ISSN-L)
1742-5689
DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.0560
PMC: PMC3785820
OpenAlex: W2103114930
Cited by: 383
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 0.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: royalsociety.org/journals/ethics-policies/data-sharing-mining/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of The Royal Society Interface (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Natural Science Foundation of China (51076073, 91024018)
Tsinghua University
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Inhalation and Respiratory Drug Delivery
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer
Keywords: sneezing, droplet size distribution, respiratory droplets, lognormal distribution, bimodal distribution, exhaled particles, droplet evaporation, respiratory physiology, airborne transmission
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aerosols, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Biological, Particle Size, Sneezing

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Characterizations of particle size distribution of the droplets exhaled by sneeze

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