The interaction of falling water drops: coalescence
Abstract
Experimental studies have been conducted of the interaction of falling water drops of radii R and r (R > r), density p and surface tension σ colliding in air with a relative velocity U and a perpendicular distance X between the centre of one drop and the undeflected trajectory of the other. R and r were varied from 150 to 750 μm, R/r from 1.0 to 2.5, U from 0.3 to 3.0 m s-1 and X from 0 (head-on collisions) to the maximum value for contact, R + r. Four types of interaction were observed: (1) bouncing; (2) permanent coalescence; (3) coalescence followed by separation; (4) coalescence followed by separation and the formation of satellite drops. The principal effort was devoted to a study of the critical conditions under which drops will separate after coalescence. It was found that there was a critical value of X, denoted by Xc, below which the coalesced drops remained united and above which there was sufficient angular momentum for the drops to separate after coalescence. For a wide range of values of r, R and U the coalescence efficiency e = Xe/(R + r)2 was found to lie between 0.1 and 0.4 for drops of identical size and about 0.2 and 0.6 for drops with R/r = 2.0. A theoretical analysis based on energy concepts predicted that the coalescence efficiency is given by the equation where f(R/r) is a function which varies from 1.3 for R/r = 1 and 3.8 for R/r = 3. The predictions of this equation were in excellent agreement with the experimental results over the entire range of conditions studied. Investigations are also described of the critical conditions for the bouncing of colliding drops, the influence of electric charges upon the interactions and the elongation and splitting of a rotating drop.
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Modeling of droplet collision outcomes has been studied extensively in past decades, for example, the classical O'Rourke model and later improved models.
“Modeling of droplet collision outcomes has been studied extensively in past decades, for example, the classical O'Rourke model 67 and later improved models, 20,21,68”
From Droplet collision of hypergolic propellants (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
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- Authors
- Brazier-Smith, P. R., Jennings, S. G., & Latham, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- ORCID
- Latham, J.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 1972-01-25
- Volume
- 326
- Issue
- 1566
- Pages
- 393-408
- ISSN
- 0080-4630 (ISSN-L)
- 2053-9169
- OpenAlex
- W2145430824
- Cited by
- 340
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 5.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A Mathematical and Physical Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Ocean Engineering › Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrohydrodynamics and Fluid Dynamics
- Keywords
- droplet coalescence, droplet collision, coalescence efficiency, drop separation, satellite drops, angular momentum, drop bouncing, surface tension
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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