The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
On spontaneous wave function collapse and quantum field theory
Open accessAbstract
One way of obtaining a version of quantum mechanics without observers, and thus of solving the paradoxes of quantum mechanics, is to modify the Schrödinger evolution by implementing spontaneous collapses of the wave function. An explicit model of this kind was proposed in 1986 by Ghirardi, Rimini & Weber (GRW), involving a nonlinear, stochastic evolution of the wave function. We point out how, by focusing on the essential mathematical structure of the GRW model and a clear ontology, it can be generalized to (regularized) quantum field theories in a simple and natural way.
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“Assumption (Q) is manifestly violated by theories that postulate a modification of standard quantum mechanics, such as spontaneous16–20 and gravity-induced21–23 collapse models (cf. 24 for a review).”
From Quantum theory cannot consistently describe the use of itself (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Models of wave-function collapse, underlying theories, and experimental tests
Bassi, A., Lochan, K., Satin, S., Singh, T. P., & Ulbricht, H. (2013) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.85.471 · Cited by 1,170
“The Tumulka-GRW model (Tumulka, 2006a) and the CSL model belong to this group.”
BackgroundMethodQuantum theory cannot consistently describe the use of itself
Frauchiger, D., & Renner, R. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05739-8 · Cited by 333
Quantum theory cannot consistently describe the use of itself
Frauchiger, D., & Renner, R. (2018) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000293141 · Cited by 241
On the Common Structure of Bohmian Mechanics and the Ghirardi–Rimini–Weber Theory
Allori, V., Goldstein, S., Tumulka, R., & Zanghı̀, N. (2008) · The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1093/bjps/axn012 · Cited by 221
“According to another version of the GRW theory, which was first suggested by Bell [12, 14], then adopted in [32, 44, 34, 3, 45], and here denoted GRWf, the PO is given by “events” in space-time called flashes, mathematically described by points in spacetime.”
MethodSelf-citationOn the Common Structure of Bohmian Mechanics and the Ghirardi-Rimini-Weber TheoryPreprint
Allori, V., Goldstein, S., Tumulka, R., & Zanghı̀, N. (2006) · PhilSci-Archive (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 214
Self-citationDo We Really Understand Quantum Mechanics?
Laloë, F. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108569361 · Cited by 171
Predictions and Primitive Ontology in Quantum Foundations: A Study of Examples
Allori, V., Goldstein, S., Tumulka, R., & Zanghı̀, N. (2014) · The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1093/bjps/axs048 · Cited by 102
Self-citationBelenchia, A., Carlesso, M., Bayraktar, Ö., Dequal, D., Derkach, I. D., Gasbarri, G., Herr, W., Li, Y. L., Rademacher, M., Sidhu, J. S., et al. (2022) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2021.11.004 · Cited by 109
Parameter diagrams of the GRW and CSL theories of wavefunction collapse
Feldmann, W., & Tumulka, R. (2012) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8113/45/6/065304 · Cited by 93
“GRW model The original version of the GRW model [20, 6] was formulated for distinguishable particles; for identical particles, we follow [39] and the second model in [14].”
MethodSelf-citationPetruzziello, L., & Illuminati, F. (2021) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 86
Tumulka, R. (2006) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.2219373 · Cited by 86
“odels I designed recently that generalize the Ghirardi–Rimini–Weber (GRW) model [1, 2, 4] of spontaneous wave function collapse. One of these [5] is a relativistic version of the GRW model, the other [6], which I will describe first, an extension to quantum field theory (QFT). It would be nice to co mbine the two models…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBenefits of Objective Collapse Models for Cosmology and Quantum Gravity
Okon, E., & Sudarsky, D. (2014) · Foundations of Physics · doi:10.1007/s10701-014-9772-6 · Cited by 83
“In order to do so one could relate the collapses not to the particles directly but to the particle number density averaged over an appropriate volume (see [10]).”
BackgroundNonparadoxical loss of information in black hole evaporation in a quantum collapse model
Modak, S. K., Ortíz, L., Peña, I., & Sudarsky, D. (2015) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.91.124009 · Cited by 71
Black Holes: Eliminating Information or Illuminating New Physics?
Chakraborty, S., & Lochan, K. (2017) · Universe · doi:10.3390/universe3030055 · Cited by 67
The ‘unromantic pictures’ of quantum theory
Tumulka, R. (2007) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8113/40/12/s22 · Cited by 58
“GRWm [2, 3, 10, 74] postulates that there is a continuous distribution of matter in space whose density at location x ∈ R(3) and time t ∈ R is given by”
BackgroundSelf-citationCosmic Microwave Background Constraints Cast a Shadow On Continuous Spontaneous Localization Models
Martin, J., & Vennin, V. (2020) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.124.080402 · Cited by 56
Shrapnel, S., Costa, F., & Milburn, G. J. (2018) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/aabe12 · Cited by 72
THE POINT PROCESSES OF THE GRW THEORY OF WAVE FUNCTION COLLAPSE
Tumulka, R. (2009) · Reviews in Mathematical Physics · doi:10.1142/s0129055x09003608 · Cited by 55
“We can keep the same formulas, (16) for the flash rate and (17) for the collapse, but need to modify the Schrödinger equation [68, 15]: i~ dψt dt = Hψt − i~ 2 Λ(R(3))ψt + i~ 2 〈ψt|Λ(R(3))ψt〉ψt , (23) where Λ(R(3)) = ∑”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationPearle, P. (2006) · Cited by 54
Pearle, P. (2007) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8113/40/12/s18 · Cited by 103
Primitive ontology and quantum state in the GRW matter density theory
Egg, M., & Esfeld, M. (2014) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-014-0590-3 · Cited by 50
Quantum origin of the primordial fluctuation spectrum and its statistics
Landau, S. J., León, G., & Sudarsky, D. (2013) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.88.023526 · Cited by 44
Quantum Correlations and Quantum Non-Locality: A Review and a Few New Ideas
Genovese, M., & Gramegna, M. (2019) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app9245406 · Cited by 39
“This kind of phenomenon could either be included in a more general theory going beyond quantum mechanics (for example, some Planck scale theory already predicts compactified dimensions) or find a use in building relativistic collapse models, for example a simple generalization of Tumulka’s one [141] should be able to…”
BackgroundGravitational decoherence: A thematic overview
Anastopoulos, C., & Hu, B. L. (2022) · AVS Quantum Science · doi:10.1116/5.0077536 · Cited by 42
The Quantum Formalism and the GRW Formalism
Goldstein, S., Tumulka, R., & Zanghı̀, N. (2012) · Journal of Statistical Physics · doi:10.1007/s10955-012-0587-6 · Cited by 32
“GRWf was proposed by Bell in [8] and taken up in [11, 32, 29, 41, 2, 34, 15, 43, 42, 3, 45].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationDynamical reduction models: present status and future developments
Bassi, A. (2007) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/67/1/012013 · Cited by 31
Black hole evaporation: information loss but no paradox
Modak, S. K., Ortíz, L., Peña, I., & Sudarsky, D. (2015) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1007/s10714-015-1960-y · Cited by 28
“Fortunately, there have been some interesting ideas of how to obtain such a theory [47, 48] and in fact some specific proposals in this regard have appeared in the recent literature [49, 50].”
The interpretation of quantum mechanics: where do we stand?
Ghirardi, G. C. (2009) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/174/1/012013 · Cited by 35
Quantum mechanics in multiply-connected spaces
Dürr, D., Goldstein, S., Taylor, J., Tumulka, R., & Zanghì, N. (2007) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8113/40/12/s08 · Cited by 23
“mechanics because the latter is (in a suitable sense) automatically compatible with bosons and fermions, whereas the equations of the GRW model require modification for identical particles as follows [10, 39]. In the original GRW model (corresponding to N distinguishable particles), collapses are associated with points…”
MethodSelf-citationGenerally covariant dynamical reduction models and the Hadamard condition
Juárez-Aubry, B. A., Kay, B. S., & Sudarsky, D. (2018) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.97.025010 · Cited by 21
Interpretations of Quantum Theory in the Light of Modern Cosmology
Castagnino, M., Fortín, S., Laura, R., & Sudarsky, D. (2017) · Foundations of Physics · doi:10.1007/s10701-017-0100-9 · Cited by 22
“It is nevertheless worth pointing out that there are promising developments on these topics, such as [116,117] and [118].”
BackgroundOn superselection rules in Bohm–Bell theories
Colin, S., Durt, T., & Tumulka, R. (2006) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General · doi:10.1088/0305-4470/39/50/008 · Cited by 17
“Following [20], the mathematical structure of a GRW-type theory with flash ontology is defined in terms of a Hamiltonian H ; the flash rate operators Λ(x),x ∈ R(3), a family of positive operators (in the original GRW model, Λ(x) is the multiplication operator by a Gaussian centered at x); and a vector ψ in Hilbert spa…”
MethodSelf-citationHeylighen, F. (2021) · Foundations of Science · doi:10.1007/s10699-021-09780-7 · Cited by 15
“1990; Tumulka 2006), proposes that collapses of the wave function occur continuously, stochastically and spontaneously, with no need for interaction with any observer or environment—albeit sufficiently rarely that we do not notice them in quantum systems that are not being observed.”
BackgroundRelational Agency: A New Ontology for Coevolving Systems
Heylighen, F. (2023) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/14642.003.0008 · Cited by 14
Impossibility of extending the Ghirardi-Rimini-Weber model to relativistic particles
Jones, C., Guaita, T., & Bassi, A. (2021) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.103.042216 · Cited by 14
A (not so?) novel explanation for the very special initial state of the universePreprint
Okon, E., & Sudarsky, D. (2016) · PhilSci-Archive (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 13
Some reflections inspired by my research activity in quantum mechanics
Ghirardi, G. C. (2007) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8113/40/12/s01 · Cited by 12
Eternal inflation and the quantum birth of cosmic structure
León, G. (2017) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-017-5288-5 · Cited by 12
A (not so?) novel explanation for the very special initial state of the Universe
Okon, E., & Sudarsky, D. (2016) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/0264-9381/33/22/225015 · Cited by 10
Primitive ontology and quantum field theory
Lam, V. (2015) · European Journal for Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1007/s13194-015-0113-1 · Cited by 9
“…designed for free systems cannot ground an appropriate ontological picture of the real physical world (note that this difficulty concerns not only the Bohmian approach to QFT, but all the POs of QFT that rely on these representations; for instance in the GRW context, see Tumulka 2006).”
BackgroundModelling Non-paradoxical Loss of Information in Black Hole Evaporation
Modak, S. K., & Sudarsky, D. (2017) · Fundamental theories of physics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51700-1_18 · Cited by 8
“In this article, we will not discuss in detail any of these proposals (for that we refer the reader to the papers [10]-[13], [23]-[27], [5, 28, 29, 33, 34] as well as review articles [3, 4]), but we shall use some specific models and provide a concrete example offering a overview of the manner in which such models can…”
MethodA Process Model of Non-Relativistic Quantum Mechanics
Sulis, W. (2014) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo) · Cited by 7
Eternal inflation and collapse theories
Lechuga, R.-L., & Sudarsky, D. (2024) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2024/01/038 · Cited by 6
“…viable logical paths open to deal with the measurement problem, as: i) hidden variable theories 4 , ii) spontaneous reduction theories [20, 21, 22, 23], or iii) many worlds type approaches, which includes the bold attempt in [24, 25, 26], which however seems to suffer from very serious problems…”
BackgroundPhilosophy of Quantum Mechanics: Dynamical Collapse Theories
Bassi, A. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190871994.013.77 · Cited by 6
On a derivation of the absorbing boundary rule
Tumulka, R. (2023) · Physics Letters A · doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2023.129286 · Cited by 5
“The variant of the GRW process for position-dependent collapse rates was described in [13].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationSome Comments on the Formal Structure of Spontaneous Localization Theories
Jadczyk, A. (2006) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.2219362 · Cited by 4
“ar X iv :q ua nt -p h/ 06 03 04 6v 1 6 PACS numbers: 03.65.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHuman Cognition Surpasses the Nonlocality Tsirelson Bound: Is Mind Outside of Spacetime?Preprint
Kauffman, S. A., & Patra, S. (2022) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/zacsh · Cited by 4
Exploring the effects of mass dependence in spontaneous collapse models
Piccione, N., & Bassi, A. (2025) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/2yy5-tj85 · Cited by 6
“[37], the radiation from 44.1 kg of Germanium is measured in the range [19 − 100 keV] .”
InfluentialA Proposal for a New Kind of Spontaneous Collapse Model
Piccione, N. (2023) · Foundations of Physics · doi:10.1007/s10701-023-00739-1 · Cited by 4
“[17, 18], a GRW model consistent with indistinguishable particles.”
BackgroundResultBezryadin, A. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/484324b · Cited by 3
Sudarsky, D. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-06349-2_17 · Cited by 3
“The idea of modifying quantum theory by adding to it a mechanism for explicit dynamical reduction has a long history The existing work in this direction includes : GRW [7], Pearle [8], Diósi [2], Penrose [1], Bassi [9] (where its worthwhile noting some recent advances towards making collapse theories compatible with s…”
MethodQuandt-Wiese, G. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 3
Why Uncertainty Is Essential for Consciousness: Local Prospect Theory vs. Predictive Processing
Heylighen, F., & Beigi, S. (2025) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e27020140 · Cited by 3
“This is similar to the collapse of the wave function in quantum mechanics, where an observation reduces the uncertainty of the variable that was observed (e.g., the position q of a particle), thus “collapsing” the probability distribution to the value that was measured [76,77].”
Hybrid classical-quantum Newtonian gravity with stable vacuum
Piccione, N., & Bassi, A. (2025) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/1361-6382/ae1540 · Cited by 5
“The GRW model, however, is not applicable to identical particles and fields without modifications; such generalizations exist [38, 44] and we denote them as Poissonian Spontaneous Localization (PSL) models.”
Benitez, F. (2022) · Disputatio · doi:10.2478/disp-2022-0005 · Cited by 2
Quantum Fractals. Geometric Modeling of Quantum Jumps with Conformal Maps
Jadczyk, A. (2008) · Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras · doi:10.1007/s00006-008-0099-2 · Cited by 2
“In [ 36 , 37] the GRW model has been generalized so as to apply not only to quantum mechanics, but also to quantum field theory (see also [38] for a recent comparison between the two approaches).”
MethodToward relativistic generalization of collapse models
Gundhi, A., Diósi, L., & Carlesso, M. (2026) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/g7xn-bwfs · Cited by 3
Applications of quantum entanglement
Laloë, F. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139177160.009 · Cited by 1
Dürr, D., & Teufel, S. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/b99978_9 · Cited by 1
Sudarsky, D. (2013) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/442/1/012071 · Cited by 1
“Regarding II) the main proposals trace back to the works [4], [5] and related developments [31, 32, 33], which we will generically call Collapse Theories.”
BackgroundQuantum Origin of Cosmological Structure and Dynamical Reduction Theories
Sudarsky, D. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316535783.018 · Cited by 1
Laloë, F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108569361.010 · Cited by 1
Introduction to Dynamical Wave Function Collapse
Pearle, P. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198901372.001.0001 · Cited by 1
Pearle, P. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198901372.003.0001 · Cited by 1
On Substantive Lorentz Invariance and Quantum Theory
Struyve, W. (2026) · Philosophy of Physics · doi:10.31389/pop.116 · Cited by 1
Primitive ontology and quantum state in the GRW matter density theoryPreprint
Egg, M., & Esfeld, M. (2014) · PhilSci-Archive (University of Pittsburgh) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1410.8652 · Cited by 1
Laloë, F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108569361.004 · Cited by 1
Interpreting quantum nonlocality as platonic information
Emerson, J. C. (2009) · San José State University ScholarWorks (San Jose State University) · doi:10.31979/etd.85r6-nvxu · Cited by 1
Annex: Basic mathematical tools of quantum mechanics
Laloë, F. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139177160.013
Experiments: quantum reduction seen in real time
Laloë, F. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139177160.011
Relativistic Model for Gravity-Induced Quantum State ReductionPreprint
Quandt-Wiese, G. (2009) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.0912.4409
“Relativistic reduction models were devoloped for the GRW-approach [12,13,14,15,16], Bohmian Mechanics [17,18,19] and Dr. G. Quandt-Wiese Schlesierstr.”
MethodImpossibility of superluminal communication
Laloë, F. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139177160.019
Quantum measurements at different times
Laloë, F. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139177160.020
The influence of pair selection
Laloë, F. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139177160.018
Manipulating and preparing additional variables
Laloë, F. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139177160.021
Maximal probability for a state
Laloë, F. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139177160.017
Present situation, remaining conceptual difficulties
Laloë, F. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139177160.004
The theorem of Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen
Laloë, F. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139177160.005
Models for spontaneous reduction of the state vector
Laloë, F. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139177160.023
Mental content of the state vector
Laloë, F. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139177160.014
Consistent families of histories
Laloë, F. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139177160.024
Bohmian field theory on a shape dynamics background and Unruh effect
Dündar, F. S., & Arık, M. (2018) · Annals of Physics · doi:10.1016/j.aop.2018.03.011
ψ-Ontology, or, Making Sense of Quantum Mechanics
Boge, F. J. (2018) · European studies in philosophy of science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95765-4_6
Other Inequalities, Cirelson’s Limit, Signaling
Laloë, F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108569361.008
Attractive Schrödinger Dynamics
Laloë, F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108569361.028
Mental Content of the State Vector
Laloë, F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108569361.017
Manipulating and Preparing Additional Variables
Laloë, F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108569361.024
Laloë, F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108569361.003
Models for Spontaneous Reduction of the State Vector
Laloë, F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108569361.026
Attempting to Construct a “Separable” Quantum Theory
Laloë, F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108569361.019
Correlations and Trajectories in Bohmian Theory
Laloë, F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108569361.025
Various Interpretations and Reconstructions of Quantum Mechanics
Laloë, F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108569361.014
Laloë, F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108569361.012
The Theorem of Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen
Laloë, F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108569361.006
Quantum Measurements at Different Times
Laloë, F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108569361.023
Applications of Quantum Entanglement
Laloë, F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108569361.011
Maximal Probability for a State
Laloë, F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108569361.020
Present Situation, Remaining Conceptual Difficulties
Laloë, F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108569361.005
Laloë, F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108569361.009
The Influence of Pair Selection
Laloë, F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108569361.021
Metadata
- Authors
- Tumulka, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Tumulka, Roderich
- ORCID
- Tumulka, Roderich
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2006-03-24
- Volume
- 462
- Issue
- 2070
- Pages
- 1897-1908
- ISSN
- 1364-5021 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2946
- OpenAlex
- W2171676563
- Semantic Scholar
- f38d4feb837d3751b34a795211435f04bb0dd89c
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 3.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Relativity and Gravitational Theory
- Keywords
- spontaneous wave function collapse, quantum field theory, measurement problem, quantum ontology, regularization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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