Cited by 290Evolutionary Psychology and Human BehaviorAnimal Behavior and ReproductionEvolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation

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Cooperative breeding in South American hunter–gatherers

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Hill, Kim, Hurtado, A. Magdalena·2009·Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

DOI 10.1098/rspb.2009.1061PMC PMC2817285

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Abstract

Evolutionary researchers have recently suggested that pre-modern human societies habitually practised cooperative breeding and that this feature helps explain human prosocial tendencies. Despite circumstantial evidence that post-reproductive females and extra-pair males both provide resources required for successful reproduction by mated pairs, no study has yet provided details about the flow of food resources by different age and sex categories to breeders and offspring, nor documented the ratio of helpers to breeders. Here, we show in two hunter–gatherer societies of South America that each breeding pair with dependent offspring on average obtained help from approximately 1.3 non-reproductive adults. Young married males and unmarried males of all ages were the main food providers, accounting for 93–100% of all excess food production available to breeding pairs and their offspring. Thus, each breeding pair with dependants was provisioned on average by 0.8 adult male helpers. The data provide no support for the hypothesis that post-reproductive females are the main provisioners of younger reproductive-aged kin in hunter–gatherer societies. Demographic and food acquisition data show that most breeding pairs can expect food deficits owing to foraging luck, health disabilities and accumulating dependency ratio of offspring in middle age, and that extra-pair provisioning may be essential to the evolved human life history.

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Authors: Hill, K., & Hurtado, A. M.
Affiliations: Arizona State University (US)
ORCID: Hill, Kim
Hurtado, A. Magdalena
Venue: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
Publisher: The Royal Society
Published: 2009-08-19
Volume: 276
Issue: 1674
Pages: 3863-3870
ISSN: 0080-4649 (ISSN-L)
0962-8452
1471-2954
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1061
PMC: PMC2817285
OpenAlex: W2152926170
Cited by: 290
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 21.58
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: royalsociety.org/journals/ethics-policies/data-sharing-mining/ (tdm)
Locations: Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
Keywords: cooperative breeding, hunter-gatherers, food provisioning, helpers at the nest, kinship, life history, dependency ratio, foraging, prosocial behavior, South American indigenous peoples
MeSH terms: Cooperative Behavior, Female, Food, Helping Behavior, Humans, Male, Reproduction, South America, Time Factors, Trees

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Cooperative breeding in South American hunter–gatherers

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